UC-NRLF 


CTRK*^ 


PA.R8HA.LL. 


iml  i>r<i--  'tiiliiiii  initc 

rn  anfl 

Prof.  VV.  D.  WHITNEV.  Val 


ROCHHoTER,   N.  V. 

THE    ATJTHOR. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

OF 


Received 
Accession  No. 


•  '89 


•    Class  No. 


>? 


GRADED     EXERCISES 

IN 

ANALYSIS,  SYNTHESIS, 

AND 

FALSE    SYNTAX, 

WITH  AN 

EXEMPLIFIED   OUTLINE 

OF   THE 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  SENTENCES 

AND 

CLAUSES, 


AND   A 


3LE  OF  DIACRITICAL 
J  |f  IV  BE  WITH  QUESTIONS. 

BY 

.  0.  PARSHALI, 


"ft  is  constant  use  and  practice,  under  never  failing  watch  and  correction,  tliat 
make*  oood  writers  and  speakers."  Prof.  W.  D.  WHITNEY,  Yale  College. 


ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR, 

1878. 


I  •?  . 


Entered  according-  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1878,  by 

X.  C.  PARSHALL, 
in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washing-ton 


E.  R.  ANDREWS,  Printer,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


TO 

HIS   FORMER    PUPILS, 

WHOSE    ZEAL    IN    THE    STUDY 

OF    ENGLISH    GRAMMAR    HAS    GREATLY 

STIMULATED     AND    MADE    MORE    EFFECTIVE    HIS    HUMBLE 
EFFORTS  IN  THEIR  BEHALF,  THIS  WORK 
IS    AFFECTIONATELY    DEDI- 
CATED   BY    THE 
AUTHOR. 


PREFACE. 


I.  J%e  design  of  this  book  is  to  supply  the  long  existing  need  of  an 
Exercise  Book  to  facilitate  and  make  attractive  grammatical  study.     It 
claims  to  be  neither  an  English  Grammar  nor  a  substitute  for  one,  but  i* 
intended  as  a  practical  working  book  for  the  use  of  all  who  teach  or  study 
the  subject. 

II.  Its   chief  contents   comprise  fifty  graded  Exercises,  each  of 
which  is  divided  into  three  sections.     The  first  treats,  principally,  of 
Analysis,  or  separating  into  parts;  the  second,  of  Synthesis,  or  forming- 
wholes  from  parts,  and  the  third,  of  False  Syntax,  in  which  the  pupil  is 
required  to  discern,  criticise,  and  correct  the  wrong  use  of  language. 

III.  The  terms  employed  are  such  as  are  in  general  use  in  the  best 
text-books  on  the  subject,  and  for  convenience  of  reference  are  presented 
at  one  view,  with  many  others,  under  the  head  of  Equivalent  Terms. 

IV.  The  selections  for  Analysis  are  from  the  best  specimens  of 
English,  and  have  been  chosen  as  well  on  account  of  their  intrinsic  beauty 
and  force,  as  for  their  fitness  in  illustrating  the  purest  diction  and  idiom 
of  the  language. 

V.  Mere  parsing,  as  an  expert  performance,  is  nearly  valueless, 
and  has  been  superseded  by  a  system  of  pointed  questioning,  directed 
to  the  salient  points  alone,  thus  testing  and  developing  the  student's 
knowledge  without  waste  of  time.     In  general,  but  a  single  answer  is 
required  to  each  question  proposed,  which  will  greatly  add  to  precision 
in  answering  the  questions,  as  well  as  in  making  up  the  percentage  of 
results. 

VI.  The  grading  has  been  made  a  special  object  of  care,  and  it  is 
believed  that  the  first  Exercise  will  be  found  so  simple  that  it  may  be 
undertaken  by  the  student  almost  at  the  outset  of  his  grammatical  course. 

VII.  Synthesis  is  given  a  co-ordinate  place  with  Analysis  as  they 
are  in  their  nature  inseparable.      All  the  practical  value   of  Analysis 


6  PREFACE. 

and  Parsing  is  exemplified  only  in  the  constant  practice  of  Synthesis; 
and  yet,  as  a  systematic  study,  Synthesis  is  unknown  in  the  great  majority 
of  schools. 

The  Synthetic  Exercises  are  very  copious,  and  cover  the  most  important 
points  of  the  entire  grammatical  course,  and  serve  not  only  as  tests  of 
the  student's  proficiency  in  Grammar,  but  also  afford  him  an  excellent 
drill  in  practical  composition. 

VIII.  The  False  Syntax  has  been  prepared  with  great  care,  mostly 
from  original  sources.     The  aim  has  been  to  reflect  the  common  errors  as 
observed  in  the  current  speech  and  literature  of  the  day,  while  excluding 
the  vulgar  slang  as  well  as  the  excessively  fine,  and  the  mooted  points  of 
usage. 

IX.  An  Exemplified  Outline  of  the  Classification  of  Sentences 
and  Clauses  is  given,  not  to  teach  that  subject,  but  to  afford  a  convenient 
model  of  reference  for  the  use  of  both  teacher  and  pupil. 

X.  A  Table  of  Diacritical  Marhs  with  Questions  is  added  as 
a  special  feature,  which  it  is  hoped  will  commend  itself  to  teachers 
generally.     This  subject,  as  I  believe,  has  not  hitherto  appeared  in  any 
text-book,  as  a  separate  object  of  study;  and  that  its  great  importance 
deserves  this  distinction,  will  hardly  be  questioned,  when  it  is  remembered 
that  but  few  persons  can  consult  a  dictionary  intelligently  in  this  respect. 

XI.  These  Exercises  have  had  their  inception,  their  growth,  and 
their  completion,  in  the  school  room,  where  they  have  been  tested  in  the 
author's  own  classes  with  the  most  satisfactory  results. 

XII.  This  work  is  respectfully  submitted  to  my  fellow  teachers  in 
the  hope  that  it  may  prove  itself  a  valuable  auxiliary  in  the  practical 
study  of  English  Grammar. 

N.   C.    PARSHALL, 

Principal  of  Wadsworth  Grammar  School, 
Rvcliester,  N.  Y.,  August,  1878. 


SOUKCE   OF   SELECTIONS. 


SOURCE  OF  SELECTIONS. 


WHITTIER. 

GRAY. 

PLUTARCH. 

HUGO. 

WILLIS. 

CHARLOTTE  ELIZABETH. 

BLACK   HAWK. 

BYRON. 

MRS.  BROWNING. 

OSSIAN. 

LONGFELLOW. 

BUNYAN. 

WORDSWORTH. 

ANDERSEN. 

BEATTIE. 

DIMOND. 

CAMPBELL. 

POPE. 

LAMB. 

EMERSON. 

DRAKE. 

MORRIS. 

GOLDSMITH. 

COW  PER. 

EVERETT. 

SHELLEY. 

IRVING. 

MRS.  HEMANS. 

SCOTT. 

SHAKSPEARE. 

HAWTHORNE. 

^ESOP. 

BACON. 

CHANNING. 

KNOWLES. 

ADDISON  . 

MOORE. 

FROM  THE  GERMAN. 

CARLYLE. 

DICKENS. 

SOCRATES. 

MACAULAY. 

WOLF. 

MILTON. 

RUSKIN. 

GILPIN. 

THACKERAY.  . 

TENNYSON. 

TABULAR   VIEW. 


CLASSIFIED  OUTLINE  OF  SENTENCES. 


Tabular  View. 


f  Declarative. 
I  Interrogative. 
]  Imperative. 
^  Exclamatory. 

SIMPLE. 

f      ONE 
CLAUSE 

PRIN'L. 


FORM^ 


COMPLEX 


f 


^ 


ONE  OR 
MORE 
SUBOR- 
DINATE. 


f  Subject-nomina- 
tive. 

Substantive^'  Predicate-nomi- 
native. 

Object. 
I  Apposition. 

Adjective 


Adverbial  -j 


'Time. 
Place. 

Cause  or  Reason 
Manner. 
Degree. 


COMFD^ 


!  Condition  or  Ex- 
ception. 
Concession. 
Purpose,  End,  or 

Motive. 
TWO  OR  f  Copulative. 
MOKE     I  Disjunctive  or  Alternative. 

\    "pTJiArn'T.   '.    A  j ±: 


PRINC'L  1  Adversative. 


•  ±-KIIN^  i,  I  Adversa 
[CLAUSES  [ Illatiye 


EXEMPLIFIED   OUTLINE. 


EXAMPLES  OF  SIMPLE  SENTENCES. 


Words  Added. 


1.  Birds  sing.  Simple  subj.  and  pred* 

2.  Bees  make  honey.  Object. 

3.  Tall  and  beautiful  poplars  lined  the  bank. 

4.  The  air  was  soft  and  balmy. 

5.  The  blood  runs  cold. 

6.  Heat  me  the  iron  hot. 

7.  This  is  tliQ  forest  primeval. 

8.  Tom  struts  a  soldier. 

9.  The  corporal  was  chosen  captain. 

10.  I  heard  the  king's  command. 

11.  Our  thoughts,  our  angels  are. 

12.  Milton,  the  poet,  was  blind. 

13.  Tis  I,  Hamlet  the  Dane. 

14.  Slowly  and  sadly  they  laid  him  down. 

15.  They  are  now  here  studying  very  diligently. 


Adjectives. 


•  Pred-nom. 


>  Possessives. 


>  Apposit1 


ives. 


Adverbs. 


Phrases  Added. 


1(>.  The  blue  face  of  ocean  smiled. 

17.  We  saw  a  noble  stag  scaling  yonder  cliff.  Adj 

18.  Leaves  have  their  time  to  fall. 

19.  The  dying  notes  still  linger  on  the  string. 

20.  The  waves  mount  up  to  kiss  the    Adv'l 

blushing  morn. 

21.  He  fell  grasping  his  sword.  Adv.-Adj.  -{  Participial. 


Simple. 

f  Prepositional 
-j  Participial. 
[  Infinitive. 
f  Prepositional. 


'  1 1nfinitive. 


10  EXEMPLIFIED    OUTLINE. 

Simple. 

22.  Toward  the  rising  sun  is  called  east.  [  Prepositional. 

23.  John's  sawinq  wood  so  fast  is  r>    /„•  •  „•„? 

f    v  ,  Substantive.^  Participial 

foolish. 

24.  To  Z>0  #00^  is  to  be  happy.  [  Infinitive. 

25.  Generally  sneaking,  it  is  true.  ,    !  Participial. 
«^    ™         ,7'   T                 J-J.-X    Independt.^,  r  .   ... 

26.  To  say  truly,  I  cannot  credit  it.  [  Infinitive. 

Complex. 

27.  He  strode  haughtily  into  the  thickest  of  the  {  _, 

Prepositional, 
group. 

28.  Gaily  chattering  to  the  pattering  of  the  brown 

nuts  downward  clattering,  leapt  the  squir-       G     ICIPU 
rels  red  and  gray. 

29.  The  miser  strives  to  live  poor  to  die  rich.         I  Infinitive. 

Compound. 

30.  The  hunters  rode  through  the  meadow  and  (  T 

,     ,7        .„  Prepositional, 

by  the  mill. 

31.  Who  can  tell  the  triumph  of  the  mind  \ 

By  truth  illumined  and  by  taste  refined?        I  PartlciPlal 

32.  The  girls  once  learned  to  knit,  and  to  sew.       [  Infinitive. 

Compound  Principal  Parts. 

33.  There  health  and  plenty  cheered  the  laboring  swain. 

34.  Twilight  lets  her  curtain  down  and  pins  it  with  a  star. 

35.  She  plucked  the  daisies  white  and  violets  blue. 

36.  Cats  and  dogs  catch  and  eat  rats  and  mice. 


A  Simple  Sentence. 

The  applause  of  listening  senates  to  command, 
The  threats  of  pain  and  ruin  to  despise, 

To  scatter  plenty  o'er  a  smiling  land, 
And  read  their  history  in  a  nation's  eyes, 


EXEMPLIFIED   OUTLINE.  11 

Their  lot  forbade :  nor  circumscribed  alone 

Their  glowing  virtues,  but  their  crimes  confined ; 

Forbade  to  wade  through  slaughter  to  a  throne 
And  shut  the  gates  of  mercy  on  mankind ; 

The  struggling  pangs  of  conscious  truth  to  hide, 
To  quench  the  blushes  of  ingenuous  shame, 

Or  heap  the  shrine  of  Luxury  and  Pride 
With  incense  kindled  at  the  Muse's  flame. 

GRAY'S  ELEGY. 


COMPLEX  SENTENCES 

CONTAINING 

Adjective  Clauses. 

1.  The  man  who  feels  truly  noble  will  become  so. 

2.  He  was  a  man  of  whom  the  world  was  not  worthy. 

3.  Those  that  think  must  govern  those  that  toil. 

4.  I  will  assist  such  pupils  as  require  my  aid. 

5.  Happy  and  worthiest  of  esteem  are  those 

whose  'words  are  bonds,  whose  oaths  are  oracles. 

6.  He  who  buys  the  things  which  he  does  not  need 

will  often  need  the  things  which  lie  can  not  buy. 

,~  ^r4jj  A  1  is  undone  by  passion1. 

W  .LLICH      reason  weaves 

The  metal  is  not  TH  A  T 

8  T\rTT  "^^ 

\Y  UlCH       it  was  supposed  to  be. 

9.  We  cannot  cure  what  we  must  endure. 


i  Some  grammarians  treat  "What  reason  weaves,"  and  similar  constructions,  as 
substantive  clauses. 


12  EXEMPLIFIED   OUTLINE. 

10.  Whoever  is  so  anxious  with  respect  to  what  he  is  charged 

with,  as  not  to  mind  what  others  are  doing,  or  have  to  do, 
is  what  might  be  called  a  sensible  .man. 

11.  Whatever  purifies,  fortifies  also  the  heart. 

12.  Whosoever  will,  may  come. 

13.  Whatsoever  he  doeth,  shall  prosper. 

14.  Give  it  to  whomsoever  you  may  select. 

15.  The  gentleman  kindly  lent  what  money  was  required. 

16.  WJw  steals  my  purse,  steals  trash. 

17.  His  praise  is  lost  who  waits  for  all  to  oommend. 

18.  The  bill  was  rejected  by  the  Lords,  which  excited  much 

comment. 

19.  The  lad  tells  the  truth,  which  you  do  not. 

20.  The  servant  is  faithful,  which  you  are  not. 

21.  I  know  a  bank  whereon  the  wild  thyme  grows. 

22.  Those  that  fly  may  fight  again, 
Which  he  can  never  do  thafs  slain. 

23.  Not  a  soldier  discharged  his  farewell  shot 
O'er  the  grave  where  our  hero  was  buried. 

24.  All  claims,  whatever  their  nature  may  be,  are  referred  to  the 

committee. 

25.  All  claims,  of  whatever  nature  they  may  be,  are  referred  to 

the  committee. 

RESTRICTIVE. 

26.  The  evil  that  men  do  lives  after  them. 

Note.— The  antecedent  of  the  relative  is  usually  preceded  by  some  limiting-, 
word ;  as,  a,  an,  the,  or  that. 

ADDITIVE. 

27.  A  glass  was  offered  to  Mannering,  who  drank  it  to  the 

health  of  the  reigning  prince. 

28.  I  thrice  presented  him  a  kingly  crown,  which  he  did  thrice 

refuse. 

29.  The  servant  closed  the  blinds,  which  darkened  the  room. 

Note.— See  examples  18, 19,  20  and  22,  above. 


EXEMPLIFIED   OUTLINE.  18 


COMPLEX  SENTENCES 

CONTAINING 

Substantive  Clauses. 

1  .  That  you  have  wronged  me,  doth  appear  in  this. 

TT       (  ihat,  when.  )  ,    . 

2.  How  <     -,          ^      }  an  acorn  becomes  an  oak.  is  a  mystery. 

(  where,  why,  j 

3.  Can  he  hold  the  fort?  is  the  question. 

4.  The  opinion  is,  that  the  moon  is  not  inhabited. 

5.  We  cannot  tell  how  (when,  where,  ivhy,)  an  acorn  becomes  an 

oak. 

6.  The  footman,  in  his  usual  phrase, 
Comes  up  with,  "Madam*  dinner  stays" 

7.  The  hope  that  he  might  win  the  prize  greatly  stimulated  him. 

8.  It  is  well  known  that  the  Egyptians  embalmed  their  dead. 

9.  See  what  a  rent  the  envious  Casca  made. 

10.  One  truth  is  clear,  ivhatever  is,  is  right. 

11.  What  reason  weaves,  by  passion  is  undone.1 


COMPLEX  SENTENCES 

With  Adverbial  Clauses  referring  to 

TIME. 

{when,  while,  whilst,     1 
j  as,  after,  ere,  till, 

1.  They  kneeled  before  <(  until,  since,  whenever,  }-  they  fought. 
I  as  soon  as,  as  often  as,  j 
[  as  long  as,  J 

i  See  No.  7,  complex  sentences  containing-  adjective  clauses. 


14  EXEMPLIFIED    OUTLINE. 

PLACE. 

0    ~     (  where,  ivherever,  whither,  i 

^.  (jro  -j     ,  .  ,  7          V  crtort/  twwtfs  fhee. 

(  whithersoever,  as  far  as,  whence,  \  " 

CAUSE  OR  REASON. 

(  because,  ivhereas,      } 

3.  A#  <  since,  inasmuch  as,  >  Ccesar  loved  me,  I  weep  for  him. 

(  seeing  that,  ) 

4.  Rise,  for  the  day  is  breaking. 

5.  I  am  proud  that  /  am  an  American. 

MANNER  —  by  Comparison. 

6.  He  lived  as  mothers  wish  their  sons  to  live. 
1.   As  you  speak,  so  should  you  think. 

8.  The  honey-bee  builds  its  cells  just  as  it  did  at  first. 

9.  The  beaver  built  his  dam  at  first  as  well  as  he  does  to-day. 


10.  I  will  shoot  three  arrows  on  this  side     as  I  shot  at 

7  I  a$  if* 

a  mark. 

11.  The  little  girl  acted  as  bravely  as  her  brother. 

12.  The  nightingale  sings  better  than  the  thrush. 

By  Effect. 

13.  The  young  man  acts  so,  that  all  his  friends  are  proud  of  him. 

14.  The  conditions  were  so  expressed,  that  they  were  accepted  at 

once. 

By  relating  to  the  assertion  in  the  nature  of  a  modal 

adverb. 

15.  It  was,  as  I  have  said,  a  fine  autumnal  day. 

16.  He  returned,  as  he  told  me,  on  the  last  steamer. 

17.  She  praised  the  singing  of  the  young  rustic,  as  she  called  him. 

DEGREE—  By  Comparison. 

18.  That  maple  is  as  tall  as  that  oak. 

19.  The  pine  is  taller  than  the  oak. 


EXEMPLIFIED   OUTLINE.  15 

20.  The  maple  is  mure  beautiful  than  the  oak. 

21.  As  Washington  is  loved  for  his  patriotism,  so  Arnold   is 

despised  for  his  treachery. 

22.  Hampden  was  as  good  as  he  was  great. 

23.  Some  men  are  loved  for  their  benevolence,  as   others  are 

despised  for  their  selfishness. 

24.  Tlie  higher  up   the  mountain  we  climb,  the  cooler  will  be 

the  air. 

25.  Tlie  deeper  the  well,  the  cooler  the  water. 

Note.—  By  expanding-  the  above,  the..-  principal  proposition  becomes  appar- 
ent :  The  water  is  cooler  in  the  degree  in  which  the  well  is  deeper. 

The  cooler  =  cooler  in  the  degree.  The  deeper  =  deeper  in  which.  Strike  out 
the  reciprocal  adjectives  and  The  =  in  the  degree.  The  =  in  which. 

By  Effect. 

26.  The  night  was  so  cold,  that  water  froze  in  the  buckets. 

27.  The  terms  of  the  treaty  were  such,  that  they  were  accepted 

at  once. 

CONDITION  OR  EXCEPTION. 

28.  If  I  were  not  Alexander,  I  would  be  Diogenes. 

29.  Were  I  not  Alexander,  I  would  be  Diogenes. 

30.  I  will  go  provided  you  remain. 

31.  Except  I  be  by  Silvia  by  night,  there  is  no  music  in  the 

nightingale. 

32.  The  vessel  will  be  lost  unless  the.storm  abates. 

33.  Could  we  ascend  the  mountain,  a  beautiful   sight   would 

greet  us. 

34.  Is  any  one  in  ivant,  charity  shall  relieve  him. 

CONCESSION. 

35.  Though  the  man  is  poor,  he  is  wise  and  honorable. 


36.  Though  (although)  he  slay  me  \  yei>  I  will  trust 

.    •'      v  I  nevertheless, 

in  Him. 


16  EXEMPLIFIED   OUTLINE. 


{          opiwr 
TTTj    i         \  may  oppose  that  man,  he  is  sure  to  succeed. 

38.  However  he  is  baffled,  the  general  is  always  hopeful  of  victory. 

39.  However  powerful  may  le  the  enemy,  he  cannot  take  the  fort. 

40.  Poor  as  the  young  man  was,  he  gave  most  liberally  to  the 

cause. 

PUKPOSE,  END,  OR  MOTIVE. 

41.  Awake  your  senses  that  you  may  the  better  judge. 

42.  Love  not  sleep  lest  thou  come  to  poverty. 

43.  Kegulus  gave  up  his  life  in  order  that  Rome  might  be  saved. 

44.  We  have  been  the  more  careful,  that  we  might  not  do  him  an 

injustice. 


A  Complex  Sentence. 

45.  If  the  constitution  of  our  state,  now  and  always,  has  declared 
that  no  right  of  conscience,  and  no  form  or  mode  of  reli- 
gious worship,  shall  be  controlled  or  interfered  with,  and 
requires,  in  offices  of  the  highest  trust,  no  religious  quali- 
fication but  a  belief  in  the  existence  of  a  Supreme  Being, 
and  His  power  to  punish  or  reward  our  actions,  we 
proudly  remember  that  this  glorious  principle  is  foremost 
in  the  earliest  of  our  laws,  voluntarily  proclaimed  by  Penn 
before  he  left  the  shores  of  England  ;  and  that  he,  among 
all  legislators,  was  the  first  to  guarantee,  by  the  enact- 
ments of  his  civil  code,  the  full  enjoyment  of  this  Chris- 
tian liberty  to  every  one  living  in  his  province,  "who 
should  confess  and  acknowledge  one  Almighty  God  to  be 
the  creator,  upholder,  and  ruler  of  the  world." 

H.  D.  GILPIN. 


EXEMPLIFIED    OUTLINE.  17 


COMPOUND  SENTENCES. 

Copulative  Clauses. 

1.  The  vine  still  clings  to  tne  mouldering  wall, 
And  Sit  every  gust  the  dead  leaves  fall. 

2.  The  maidens  left  their  weaving ; 
The  lads  forgot  their  play. 

3.  Not  only  was  the  division  repulsed  but  the  entire  corps  was 

routed. 

4.  The  young  man,  as  well  as  his  friends,  was  hopeful. 

5.  The  lady  is  a  fine  artist;  furthermore^  she  sings  beautifully. 

6.  I  really  do  not  sing ;  besides,  I  have  a  cold. 

7.  The  rain  came  down  in  torrents  ^  moreover,  the  bridge  was 

not  safe. 

8.  The  terrific  flashes  of  lightning  and  the  heavy  claps  of  thun- 

der frightened  the  women  quite  out  of  their  wits ;  even, 
(likewise,  also,)  the  men  were  far  from  being  unmoved. 

9.  The  fort  was  taken  by  storm;  and  that,  too,  without  the 

loss  of  a  single  man. 

Disjunctive  or  Alternative. 

1.  For  them  no  more  the  blazing  hearth  shall  burn, 
Or  busy  housewife  ply  her  evening  care. 

2.  We  cannot  go,  nor  should  you. 

3.  Either  you  must  submit,  or  I  shall  dismiss  you. 

4.  Yield,  or  else  I'll  hew  thee  piece-meal. 

5.  You  must  study  hard;  otherwise  a  failure  will  be  the  result. 

Adversative. 

1.  I  go  but  I  return. 

2.  I  have  but  little  faith ;  however,  I  will  make  the  effort. 

2 


1.8  EXEMPLIFIED    OUTLI.N  I  . 

3.  His  offence  was  very  grave;  yet,  \  sfi'U>  ™™^^  \   l  all 

inclined  to  overlook  it.  '  notwithstanding,  f 

4.  He  is  a  talented  man;  though  he  does  not  seem  so. 

5.  He  would  be  a  soldier ;  only  he  is  too  young. 

Illative. 

1.  The  fort  is  yours,  then  defend  it. 

2.  The  angles  are  equal ;  therefore  the  sides  are  equal. 

3.  He  blushes;  and  hence  he  is  guilty. 

4.  The  morning  was  dark  and  rainy ,  so  we  remained  at  home. 

5.  Showers   come   frequently;   consequently,   the  grass  grows 

rapidly. 

6.  The  soil  is  rich ;  accordingly,  the  trees  grow  tall. 

7.  The  moon  is  very  bright,  and  so  I  shall  remain  longer. 

8.  The  storm  is  abroad   in    the  mountain;  wherefore,  it  will 

soon  sweep  over  the  valley. 


A  Compound  Sentence. 

The  mountain  wooded  to  the  peak,  the  lawns 
And  winding  glades  high  up  like  ways  to  Heaven, 
The  slender  coco's  drooping  crown  of  plumes, 
The  lightning  flash  of  insect  and  of  bird, 
The  lustre  of  the  long  convolvuluses 
That  coiled  around  the  stately  stems,  and  ran 
Ev'n    to    the  limit  of  the  land,  the  glows 
And  glories  of  the  broad  belt  of  the  world, 
All  these  he  saw ;  but  what  he  fain  had  seen 
He  could  not  see,  the  kindly  human  face, 
Nor  ever  hear  a  kindly  voice,  but  heard 
The  myriad  shriek  of  wheeling  ocean-fowl, 
The  league-long  roller  thundering  on  the  reef, 
The  moving  whisper  of  huge  trees  that  branch 'd 


EXEMPLIFIED    OUTLINE.  19 

And  blossomed  in  the  zenith,  or  the  sweep 

Of  some  precipitous  rivulet  to  the  wave, 

As  down  the  shore  he  ranged,  or  all  day  long 

Sat  often  in  the  seaward-gazing  gorge, 

A  shipwrecked  sailor,  waiting  for  a  sail ; 

No  sail  from  day  to  day,  but  every  day 

The  sunrise  broken  into  scarlet  shafts 

Amoug  the  palms  and  ferns  and  precipices ; 

The  blaze  upon  the  waters  to  the  east; 

The  blaze  upon  his  island  overhead  ; 

The  blaze  upon  the  waters  to  the  west ; 

Then  the  great  stars  that  globed  themselves  in  Heaven, 

The  scarlet  shafts  of  sunrise — but  no  sail. 

TENNYSON,  Enoch  Arden. 


EXAMPLES  OF  SENTENCES 

CLASSIFIED   ACCORDING   TO 

USE. 

Declarative. 

1.  A  mist  rose  slowly  from  the  lake. 

Interrogative. 

2.  Is  your  name  Shylock  ? 

3.  Who  was  the  author  of  Junius's  letters  ? 

4.  How  does  an  acorn  become  an  oak  ? 

5.  You  find  it  strange,  sir  f 

6.  Art  thou  he  that  should  come,  or  do  we  look  for  another  ? 

7.  Is  it  amusing  ?  you  find  it  strange  f 


20  EXEMPLIFIED    OUTLINE. 

Imperative. 

8.  Heat  me  the  iron  hot. 

Exclamatory. 

9.  How  sweet  the  moonlight  sleeps  upon  this  bank ! 

10.  What  sad  scenes  were  once  enacted  here! 

11.  How  could  you  be  so  cruel! 

12.  Quit  the  bust  above  my  door! 

13.  How  merrily  the  waves  dance  on !  and  how  beautiful  they 

all  appear! 

Declarative-In  terrogative. 

14.  So  Heaven  decrees ;  with  Heaven  who  can  contend  ? 

Declarative-Imperative. 

15.  Act  well  thy  part;  there  all  the  honor  lies. 

Declarative-Exclamatory. 

16.  The  lights  burn  blue;  how  dreadful  is  this  place! 

Exclamatory-Interrogative. 

17.  From  the  vale  on  they  come  !  and  will  ye  quail  ? 

Imperative-Interrogative. 

Bid  every  man  on  deck  ;  and  the  skipper,  where  is  he  ? 

Exclamatory-Imperative. 

19.  How  wondrously  beautiful  is  the  night !  then  let  us  hasten 
on  our  journey. 


DIACRITIC   MARKS. 


21 


Table  of  Diacritic  Marks. 


The  Macron  (-). 

1.  a  long  as  in  ale. 
'2.  G  long  as  in  eat. 
3.  I  long  as  in  Ice. 
4%  o  long  as  in  old. 
5.  ii  long  as  in  use. 

0.  y  long  as  in  my. 

7.  e  as  in  they,  heinous. 

8.  oo  asin  moon. 

9.  g  as  in  get. 

10.  11  as  in  linger,  ink. 

11.  tli  as  in  thine. 

12.  -e  hard  as  in  -eap. 

13.  «h  as  in  echo. 

The  Breve  (~). 

1.  a  short  as  in  at. 

2.  e    short  as  in  6tid. 

3.  I    short  as  in  ink, 

4.  5  short  as  in  5n. 

5.  ii  short  as  in  iip. 

6.  y    short  as  in  abyss. 

7.  o^  short  as  in  good. 

The  Dieresis  (••). 

1.  a  as  in  far. 

2.  a  as  in  ail. 

3.'  "i  like  long  e,  as  in  police, 

4.  o  like  long  oo,  as  in  do. 

5.  ii  preceded  by  r,  as  in  ru.de. 

The  Period  ( • ). 

1.  a  as  in  ask. 

2.  a  as  in  what. 

3.  6  like  short  u,  as  in  love. 

4.  o  like  short  oo,  as  in  wolf. 

5.  u  like  short  oo  as  in  pull. 
t>.  g  soft  like  j,  as  in  gem. 


The  Circumflex  (A). 

1.  a  as  in  care,  air. 

2.  e  like  a  in  care,  as  in  6  re. 

3.  6  like  a  in  all,  as  in  orb. 

4.  u  as  in  urge. 

The  Cedilla  (,). 

1.  c  soft  like  g,  as  in  cede. 

2.  ch  like  *//,  as  in  chaise. 


1.  g  like  z,  as  in  hng. 

2.  $  like  gz,  as  in  e$isi. 

The  Tilde  (~). 

1.  e  as  in  her. 

2.  I  like  £,  as  in  sir. 

Equivalents. 

a  as  in  ale  =  e  as  in  they. 
a  as  in  air  =  6  as  in  ere. 
a  as  in  all  =  6  as  in  6rb. 
e  as  in  eve  =  'i  as  in  police. 
e  as  in  verge  =1  as  in  sir. 

0  as  in  do  =  u  as  in  rule  =  ob  as  in  moon. 
a  as  in  ^vhat  =  6  as  in  ii5t. 

1  as  in  sit  =  y  as  in  hymn. 

o  as  in  wol  f =u  as  in  put=  do  as  in  book. 
6  as  in  love  =  ii  as  in  luck. 

NOTE  1.  The  Tilde  is  placed  over 
some  Spanish  words,  as  canon,  to  indi- 
cate that,  in  pronunciation,  the  sound 
of  the  following  vowel  is  to  be  pre- 
ceded by  that  of  initial  y. 


NOTE  2.  Those  consonants  whose  sounds  are  indicated  by  a  short,  straight, 
horizontal  mark,  are  placed  under  the  head  of  the  macron,  although  strictly 
speaking,  its  use  is  confined  to  the  long  sound  of  the  vowels. 


22  DIACRITIC    MARKS. 

Questions  on  the  Table  of  Diacritical  Marks. 

1.  Write  a  word  containing  the  long  or  name  sound  of  a  prop- 

erly marked. 

2.  Properly  mark  the  sound  of  a  as  in  cat. 

3.  Of  a  as  in  far. 

4.  Of  a  as  in  call. 

5.  Of  a  as  in  glass. 

6.  Of  a  as  in  share. 

7.  Of  a  as  in  what. 

8.  Write  a  word  containing  the  long  or  name  sound  of  e  prop- 

erly mar  Iced. 

9.  Properly  mark  the  sound  of  e  as  in  met. 

10.  Of  e  as  in  her. 

11.  Write  a  word  containing  the  long  or  name  sound  of  i  prop- 

erly  marked. 

12.  Properly  mark  the  sound  of  i  as  in  in. 

13.  Write  a  word  containing  the  long  or  name  sound  of  o  prop- 

erly marked. 

14.  Properly  mark  the  sound  of  o  as  in  on. 

15.  Of  o  as  in  do. 

16.  Of  o  as  in  wolf. 

17.  Write  a  word  containing  the  long  or  name  sound  of  u  prop- 

erly marked. 

18.  Properly  mark  the  sound  of  u  as  in  up. 

19.  Of  u  as  in  full. 

20.  Of  u  as  in  rude. 

21.  Properly  mark  the  sound  of  y  as  in  my. 

22.  Of  y  as  in  abyss. 

23.  Of  e  as  in  they. 

24.  Of  i  as  in  police. 

25.  Of  oo  as  in  good. 

26.  Of  i  as  in  sir. 

27.  Of  g  as  in  get. 


DIACRITIC   MARKS.  23 

28.  Of  n  as  in  ink. 

39.  Of  oo  as  in  moon. 

30.  Of  o  as  in  orb. 

31.  Of  u  as  in  urge. 

32.  Of  th  as  in  thy. 

33.  Of  c  as  in  cat. 

34.  Of  c  as  in  cell. 

35.  Of  o  as  in  shove. 

36.  Of  ch  as  in  chaise. 

37.  Of  s  as  in  has. 
<58.  Of  g  as  in  gem. 
49.  Of  x  as  in  exist. 

40.  Of  e  as  in  ere. 

41.  Of  ch  as  in  echo. 

Write  ten  words  illustrating  the  use  of  the  macron  ["]. 

Ten  of  the  breve  \  ~  ] . 

Ten  of  the  dicer esis  [ "  ]. 

Ten  of  the  period  [']. 

Ten  of  the  cedilla  [ '  ]. 

Ten  of  the  circumflex  [  A  ]. 

Ten  of  the  —     -  [  *  ]. 

Ten  of  the  tilde  [~  ]. 

Properly  syllabicate  and  accentuate  the  following  words  and 
indicate  by  diacritic  marks  their  elementary  sounds: 

1.  Army,  10.  useful,  19.  thyself, 

2.  alspice,  11.  irrefragable,  20.  technic, 

3.  idioc)r,  12.  psychology,  21.  shovel, 

4.  ambuscade,  13.  abyss,  22.  wolfishness, 

5.  careless,  14.  benison,  23.  intercede, 

6.  emerge,  15.  heinous,  24.  post-chaise, 

7.  inveigh,  16.  acoustics,  25.  finger, 

8.  asking,  17.  machine,  26.  ruminate, 

9.  what-not,  18.  exact,  27.  gingerly, 


<?4  EQUIVALENT   TERMS. 

28.  herself,  35.  tripartite,  42.  apricot. 

29.  Alabama,  36.  squalor,  48.  extol, 

30.  zoology,  37.  sacrifice,  44.  aureola, 

31.  wiseacre,  38.  acclimate,  45.  borealis, 

32.  canon  (a  deep  gorge),  39.  aeronaut,  46.  Calliope, 

33.  vaccinate,  40.  allopathy,  47.  coadjutanty 

34.  beneath,  41.  ally,  48.  combatant,. 


49.  donative, 


50.  semi-centenary. 


EQUIVALENT  TERMS. 


SUBJECT-NOMINATIVE. 
Grammatical,  ] 

Simple,  Subject 

Unmodified,    ! 

Jaf '  I  Predicate. 

ft  aked, 

Special,  J 

PREDICATE-VERB. 


The  term  SUBJECT  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  Subject-nominative  only, 
and  sometimes  to  the  entire  subject  expression. 

The  term  PREDICATE  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  Verb  alone,  and  some- 
times to  the  entire  predicate  expression. 

SUBSTANTIVE  means  like,  or  having  the  use  or  value  of,  a  noun. 


Entire, 

Logical, 

Complex, 

Subject 

Modified, 

or 

Enlarged, 

Predicate. 

Complete, 

General, 

Syntactical  Relation, 

Syntactical  Office, 

Syntax, 

Office, 

Construction, 

Disposition, 


Adjunct,   "| 

of  an  Modifier,    I     of  an 

element.  Qualifier,   f  element. 

Limiter,    J  - 


Modified, 
Qualified, 
Limited, 

Properties, 

Modifications, 

Accidents, 

Attributes, 

Inflections, 

Infinitive, 


EQUIVALENT   TERMS. 


element. 


of  certain 
words. 


Participle, 


Infinitive  Mood,   f  Participial  Mood, 


Co-ordinate, 

Independent, 

Principal, 

Present, 

Imperfect, 


Subordinate, 
"]  Dependent, 
}-  Auxiliary, 
J  Accessory, 


y  Participle. 

Compound  Perfect, 
Prior  Present, 
Preperfect, 
Perfect,1 


A  J.CQC11U    A  CllCUt,        J 

Prior  Present,      }- 
Perfect, 

Past  Perfect,        ] 
Prior  Past,            }• 
Pluperfect,           J 

Future-Perfect,   ^| 
Prior  Future, 
Second-  Future,    j 

TENSE. 

Past,                     1 
Imperfect,             j 

Future,                 1 
First-future,         J  ^ 

Perfect/     }ParticiP^ 

Participle. 


Note  to  Teachers. 

Although  Analysis,  Synthesis,  and  False  Syntax  comprise  but 
a  single  Exercise,  it  is  not  intended  that  all  these  subjects  should 
necessarily  be  given  as  a  single  lesson. 

Each  subject  is  complete  in  itself,  and  may  be  pursued  sepa- 
rately, or  otherwise,  according  to  the  ability,  or  the  degree  of 
advancement,  of  each  class. 


1    Grammarians  differ  widely  in  classifying-  the  participles. 


EXERCISES.  27 


EXERCISE  I. 


1.  Bees  hummed. 

2.  The  sweet  song  died. 

3.  The  lilies  blossom  in  the  pond. 

4.  The  gray  sky  wears  again  its  gold. 

5.  The  long  bright  days  of  summer  swiftly  passed. 

Whittier. 

Analysis. 

1.  Define  English  Grammar. 

2.  Define  a  sentence. 

3.  How  many  sentences,  or  periods,  in  the  above  Exercise  ? 

4.  Of  what  is  something  said  in  the  first  sentence  ? 

5.  "What  is  said  of  "  bees  "? 

6.  How  many  principal  parts  must  every  sentence  have  ? 

7.  What  is  the  general  name  of  that  part  of  which  something  is 
said? 

8.  What  is  the  general  name  of  that  part  which  makes  the  asser- 
tion? 

9.  Have  the  principal  parts  any  modifiers  in  the  first  sentence? 

10.  What  part  of  speech  is  "  bees  "? 

11.  What  part  of  speech  is  f*  hummed  "? 

12.  Name  the  entire  (or  logical)  subject  of  the  second  sentence. 
18.  Name  the  predicate-verb  (grammatical  predicate). 

14.  Name  the  subject-nominative  (grammatical  subject). 

15.  What  two  modifiers  has  the  subject-nominative? 

16.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "the." 

17.  Of  "sweet."    18.    Of  "song."     19.    Of  "died." 

20.  Give  the  entire  (or  complex)  subject  of  the  third  sentence. 

21.  Give  the  entire  (or  complex)  predicate. 


28  EXERCISES. 

22.  Give  the  subject-nominative  (simple  subject). 

23.  What  modifier  has  the  subject-nominative? 

24.  Give  the  predicate-verb  (simple  predicate). 

25.  What  words  teU  tvhere  "  lilies  blossom  "? 

26.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "  lilies." 

27.  Of  "blossom."    28.    Of  "in."    29.    Of  "pond" 

30.  What  is  the  entire  (or  logical)  subject  of  the  fourth  sentence? 

31.  What  is  the  entire  (or  logical)  predicate? 

32.  What  is  the  subject-nominative  (grammatical  subject)  ? 

33.  What  is  the  predicate-verb  (grammatical  predicate)? 
3 1.  By  what  words  is  the  subject-nominative  modified  ? 

35.  What  does  * '  again  "  modify  ? 

36.  What  word  is  the  object  of  the  verb  "  ivears"? 

37.  What  limiting  word  has  this  object? 

38.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "again."    39.    Of  "its." 

40.  What  is  the  entire  (or  modified)  subject  of  the  last  sentence  ? 

41.  What  is  the  entire  (or  modified)  predicate? 

42.  What  is  the  subject-nominative  (unmodified  subject)  ? 

43.  What  is  the  predicate-verb  (verb  unmodified)? 

44.  Mention  the  ivord  modifier  of  "days." 

45.  Mention  the  phrase  modifier. 

46.  What  modifier  has  the  predicate-verb? 

47.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "  long." 

48.  Of  "of."    49.    Of"  swiftly."       50.    Of  "passed" 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  only  a  simple  subject  and  predi- 
cate. 

2.  Add  to  this  sentence  an  adjective. 

3.  To  the  sentence  last  formed,  add  an  adverb. 

4.  Compose  a  sentence  containing  an  object  of  a  verb. 

5.  Combine  all  the  above  elements  into  one  sentence. 

6.  Write  a  sentence  with  a  word  containing  an  improper  diph- 
thong underscored. 

1.    One  containing  a  proper  diphthong. 

8.    Write  a  sentence  containing  a  word  in  which  " w"  is  r,  r-o?i- 
sonant,  and  underscore  the  letter. 


EXERCISES.  29 

9.    One  containing  a  word  in  which  "y  "  is  a  consonant 

10.  Write  in  a  sentence  a  word  having  two  liquids,  and  underscore 
the  word. 

11.  Write  a  sentence  of  three  words,  a  monosyllable,  a  dissyllable, 
and  a  trisyllable. 

12.  One  containing  a  primitive,  a  derivative,  and  a  compound  word. 

13.  Compose  a  sentence  having  a  proper  noun  subject. 

14.  A  sentence  with  a  subject  and  an  object,  each  modified  by  aii 


15.    A  sentence  containing  a  preposition. 

False  Syntax.1 

(Pupils  should  be  required  in  every  ease  to  give  a  proper  reason  for  the  correction.) 

1.  I  am  awful  glad. 

2.  Please  can  I  go  out  ? 

3.  Aint  you  afraid  you'll  catch  cold  ? 

4.  I  despise,  not  the  giver,  but  gift. 

5.  He  is  entitled  to  the  name  of  a  scholar. 

6.  I'll  rant  as  well  as  him. 

7.  Whom  besides  myself  do  you  think  was  rewarded  ? 

8.  The  book  is  from  my  brother,  he  that  owns  a  bookstore. 

9.  This  phenomena  appears  nightly. 
10.  These  minutiae  is  distracting. 

1  The  term  "False  Syntax"  although  not  strictly  applicable  to  all  cases  of 
faulty  English,  has  been  retained,  as  it  is  a  customary  and  convenient  expres- 
sion to  denote  the  general  errors  in  the  use  of  language. 


30  EXERCISES. 


EXEECISE  II. 


1.  Some  hours  passed. 

2.  The  sun  rose  in  an  unclouded  sky. 

3.  Its  first  ray  shone  upon  a  motionless  form. 

4.  It  was  Gilliatt. 

5.  He  was  still  outstretched  upon  the  rock. 

6.  His  closed  eye-lids  were  wan. 

Victor  Hugo. 

Analysis- 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  Exercise  ? 

2.  How  many  propositions? 

3.  Define  a  proposition. 

4.  What  is  the  entire  subject  of  the  first  proposition  ? 

5.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  "  entire  subject  "?• 

6.  What  word  expresses  what  is  said  of  "  hours"? 

7.  What  word  modifies  "  hours  "? 

8.  Is  the  second  sentence  simple,  or  compound? 

9.  Define  the  class  to  which  you  assign  this  sentence. 

10.  What  is  its  entire  (or  enlarged)  subject? 

11.  What  is  its  entire  (or  enlarged)  predicate? 

12.  What  is  its  subject-nominative  (bare  subject)  ? 

13.  What  word  modifier  has  the  subject  ? 

14.  What  phrase  modifier  has  the  predicate- verb  ? 

15.  Name  the  modifiers  of  "  sky." 

16.  Why  is  "  an  "  used  before  "  unclouded"  rather  than  "  a  "/ 

17.  Select  a  preposition  from  the  second  sentence. 

18.  Select  an  adjective  from  it. 

19.  Is  the  third  sentence  simple,  or  compound? 

20.  What  are  its  chief,  or  principal  parts  ? 


EXERCISES.  31 

21.  By  what  is  the  subject  modified  ? 

22.  By  what  is  the  predicate-verb  modified  ? 

23.  What  derivative  word  in  the  third  sentence  ? 

24.  Define  a  derivative  word. 

25.  Give  the  subject-nominative  of  the  fourth  sentence. 

26.  Give  its  entire  predicate. 

27.  Give  its  predicate-verb. 

28.  What  proper  noun  does  this  sentence  contain  ? 

29.  Of  what  gender  is  this  noun  ? 

30.  Is  the  fifth  sentence  simple,  or  compound? 

31.  Give  its  simple  subject. 

32.  Give  its  entire  predicate. 

33.  Give  its  predicate-verb. 

34.  What  word  modifier  has  the  predicate  verb? 

35.  What  phrase  modifier? 

36.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "7ie."     37.    Of  "tww  outstretched." 
38.  Of  "still"    39.    Of  "upon."    40.    Of  "rock." 

41.  Is  the  last  sentence  simple,  or  compound? 

42.  Give  its  subject-nominative. 

43.  Give  its  predicate-verb. 

44.  What  possessive  word  relating  to  "eye-lids "? 

45.  What  o^er  modifier  coming  before  it,  has  "eye-lids"? 

46.  What  one  coming  a/fer  it  ? 

47.  For  what  noim  does  Ais  stand  ? 

48.  What  compound  word  has  the  £as£  sentence  ? 

49.  Why  does  the  word  "  his  "  begin  with  a  capital  letter  ? 

50.  Give  the  rule  requiring  "Gilliatt"  to  begin  with  a  capital. 

Synthesis. 

Write  in  separate  sentences  and  indicate  by  the  underscore,  the 
following : 

1.  A  common  noun,  singular  number. 

2.  A  collective  noun.     3.   An  abstract  noun. 

4.  A  verbal,  or  participial  noun. 

5.  A  phrase  used  as  a  noun. 

6.  A  clause  used  as  a  noun. 

7.  A  pronoun  used  as  a  noun. 


!'J  EXERCISES. 

8.  A  letter  used  as  a  noun. 

9.  A  mere  sign  used  as  a  noun. 

10.  A  proper  noun  used  as  a  common  noun. 

11.  A  common  noun  used  as  a  proper  noun. 

12.  A  word  in  which  "  u"  is  a  consonant. 

13.  A  word  in  which  "i"  is  a  consonant. 

14.  A  word  containing  a  silent  consonant. 

15.  A  word  containing  a  silent  vowel. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  This  is  an  hard  task. 

2.  The  soldiers  slept  in  a  open  field. 

3.  You  and  me  cannot  agree. 

4.  Them  that  seek  wisdom  shall  find  it. 

5.  John  and  him  have  just  returned. 

6.  I  was  presented  to  Mrs.  Brown,  she  that  was  Miss  Smith. 

7.  I  was  with  my  old  friends,  they  whom  you  saw  last  summer. 

8.  Those  kind  of  people  will  never  succeed. 

9.  "Problems  of  these  sort  are  very  easy  to  solve. 
10.  We  sat  beside  that  smoking  embers. 


EXERCISES.  33 


EXERCISE  III. 


1.  Gilliatt  looked  up. 

2.  The  silence  was  still  profound. 

3.  The  sun  disappeared  suddenly. 

4.  The  rising  cloud  had  just  reached  it. 

5.  Sheets  of  clouds  undulated  like  folds  of  giant  flags. 

Victor  Hugo. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  Exercise  ? 

2.  Give  a  proper  reason  for  your  answer. 

3.  What  is  the  subject  of  the  first  sentence  ? 

4.  Give  its  entire  predicate  ;     5.    its  predicate- verb. 
6.    What  modifier  has  the  predicate? 

1.    What  part  of  speech  is  "Gilliatt"?   8.   "Looked"?   9.  "Up"f 

10.  Classify  the  second  sentence  as  simple,  complex,  or  compound. 

11.  Classify  the  same  as  declarative,  interrogative,  imperative,  or 
exclamatory. 

12.  Give  its  entire  subject;     13.    its  entire  predicate. 

14.  Give  its  subject-nominative  ;     15.    its  predicate-verb. 

16.  Give  the  modifier  of  the  subject. 

17.  Name  the  predicate-adjective. 

18.  What  does  "  «tf  M  "  modify  ? 

19.  Select  from  this  sentence  a  word  containing  &  proper  diphthong. 

20.  Define  a  diphthong.     21.    Defii\3  a  proper  diphthong. 

22.  Classify  the  third  sentence  in  full  as  in  10  and  11. 

23.  Give  its  entire  subject ;    24.    its  entire  predicate. 

25.    Give  its  subject-nominative  ;     26.    its  predicate-verb. 

27.  Give  the  modifier  of  the  subject. 

28.  Give  the  modifier  of  the  predicate-verb. 


34  EXERCISES. 

29.  Select  a  word  having  both  a  prefix  and  a  suffix. 

30.  Classify  the  fourth  sentence  in  full. 

31.  Give  its  entire  subject ;    32.    its  entire  predicate. 
33.  Give  its  subject-nominative ;    34.    its  predicate-verb. 

35.  Give  its  object. 

36.  What  modifiers  has  the  subject  ? 

37.  What  does  "just"  modify?    38.    Classify  the  last  sentence. 
39.  Name  its  subject-nominative  ;    40.    its  predicate-verb. 

41.  By  what  is  the  subject  modified  ? 

42.  What  phrase-modifier  has  the  verb  ? 

43.  Give  the  ivord-modifier  of  the  verb,  if  any. 

44.  What  does  "  of  giant  flags  "  modify  ? 

45.  What  modifier  has  "flags  "$ 

46.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of   "sheets." 

47.  Of  "clouds."  48.  Of  "like."   49.  Of"  giant."   50.  Oi"  flags" 

Synthesis. 

Write  in  separate  sentences  and  indicate  by  the  underscore  the 
following : 

1.  A  noun  in  the  first  person  by  apposition. 

2.  A  noun  in  the  second  person  by  apposition. 

3.  A  noun  in  the  third  person  by  apposition. 

4.  A  word  illustrating  the  rule  for  doubling  the  final  consonant. 

5.  A  plural  noun  formed  by  adding  s  to  the  singular. 

6.  One  by  adding  es  to  the  singular. 

7.  A  noun  having  both  a  regular  and  an  irregular  plural. 

8.  Court-martial  in  the  plural  number. 

9.  Hanger-on  in  the  plural  number. 

10.  Cupful  in  the  plural  number. 

11.  -f  in  the  plural  number. 

12.  A  word  illustrating  the  rule  for  dropping  e  final. 

13.  A  word  in  which  it  is  necessary  to  retain  e  final  to  keep  c  or  g 
soft. 

14.  A  word  in  which  e  final  is  retained  to  preserve  the  identity/  of 
the  word. 

15.  A  word  in  which  e  Jinal  is  retained  before  a  suffix  beginning 
with  a  consonant. 


EXERCISES.  35 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Thackeray  was  a  greater  writer  than  an  artist. 

2.  An  Article  is  a  the,  an  an,  or  an  a. 

3.  Nouns  have  two  numbers,  the  singular  and  plural. 

4.  Who  took  my  pencil  ?    Not  me,  but  her. 

5.  Truth  is  greater  than  us  all. 

6.  Who  were  playing  in  the  park  ?     Us  boys. 

7.  How  can  you  thus  address  me,  I,  who  am  your  friend  ? 

8.  The  cars  ran  twenty  mile  an  hour. 

9.  Every  one  should  inform  their  mind. 
10.  Nobody  should  praise  themselves. 


EXERCISE  IY. 


1.  That  was  the  last  sun  that  shone  on  Black  Hawk.     His 

2.  heart  is  dead"  and  no  longer  beats  quick  in  his  bosom.    He 

3.  is  now  a  prisoner  to  the  white  man.     They  will  do  with 

4.  him  as  they  wish.     But  he  can  stand  torture  and  is  not 

5.  afraid  of  death.     He  is  no  coward.     Black  Hawk  is  an 

6.  Indian. 

Black  Haivk. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  extract  ? 

2.  How  many  clauses?    3.    How  many  propositions? 
4.    Select  a  sentence  having  a  compound  predicate. 

5-11.    Classify  each  sentence,  as  simple,  complex,  or  compound. 

12.  Give  the  subject  of  the  first  sentence. 

13.  Give  its  entire  predicate. 

14.  Give  the  predicate-verb  of  the  principal  clause. 

15.  Give  the  predicate-nominative. 

16.  By  what  is  this  nominative  modified  ? 


3fJ  EXERCISES. 

17.  Name  the  connective  of  this  sentence. 

18.  What  part  of  speech  is  this  connective  ? 

19.  Select  an  adjective  phrase ;     20.   an  adverbial  phrase. 

21.  Select  a  predicate  adjective. 

22.  Select  a  conjunction,  and  state  what  it  connects. 

23.  Select  a  preposition  and  give  the  terms  connected  by  it. 

24.  Select  a  pronoun  in  the  nominative  case. 

25.  One  in  the  possessive  case, 

26.  And  one  in  the  objective  case. 

27.  Select  an  adverb  of  negation. 

28.  "What  proper  noun  is  used  as  a  predicate-nominative? 

29.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "last."    30.    Of  "shone."    31.  Of 
"  dead." 

32.    Of  "no"  second  line.     33.    Of  "longer."    34.    Of  "quick." 

35.  Of  "as." 

36.  Of   "wish."     37.    Of    "afraid."     38.     Of    "no,"  fifth  line. 

39.  Of  "coward." 

40.  What  does  "  in  his  bosom  "  modify  ? 

41.  What  does  "  to  the  white  man  "  modify  ? 

42.  What  does  "with  him "  modify? 

43.  Is  "  of  death,"  adjective,  or  adverbial  in  office  ? 

44.  Name  a  verb  in  the  potential  mood. 

45.  Name  a  verb  in  the  future  tense. 

46.  Change  the  last  sentence  to  its  corresponding  interroyaticc 
use. 

47.  Give  the  antecedent  of  "  they,"  if  it  has  one. 

48.  Define  a  word ;    49.    a  syllable  ;     50.    a  polysyllable. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  simple  declarative  sentence. 

2.  Change  it  into  an  interrogative  sentence. 

3.  Change  it  into  an  imperative  sentence. 

4.  Change  it  into  an  exclamatory  sentence. 

5.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  article,  an  adjective,  a  noun, 
and  a  verb. 

6.  Add  to  this  sentence  a  preposition  and  its  object. 

7.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  interjection. 


EXERCISES.  o? 

Illustrate  in  separate  sentences  the  following  suggested  rules  for 
the  use  of  capitals. 

8.  The  first  word  of  every  sentence. 

9,  The  first  word  of  every  line  of  poetry. 

10.  The  first  word  of  a  direct  quotation. 

11.  A  word  denoting  the  Deity. 

12.  A  proper  name  and  a  title. 

13.  A  proper  adjective. 

14.  A  personified  noun. 

15.  The  name  of  a  month  and  a  day  of  the  iveek. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  One  horse,  a  black  and  a  white  one,  was  saddled. 

2.  Cromwell  was  styled  a  Protector. 

3.  A  black  and  white  boy  were  walking  together. 

4.  Whom  do  you  suppose  will  come  ? 

5.  Dids't  thou  not  say  thou  and  thee  were  enemies  ? 

6.  Him  remaining  at  the  fort,  we  returned. 

7.  Can  you  forgive  us  girls,  us  who  were  so  forgetful  ? 

8.  Passing  rich,  with  forty  pound  a  year. 

9.  This  five  and  twenty  years  have  I  been  with  you. 
10.    Damon  and  Pythias  loved  one  another. 


EIERCISE  Y. 


1.  Daughter  of  heaven,  fair  arfc  thou ! 

2.  The  silence  of  thy  face  is  pleasant ! 

3.  Thou  comest  forth  in  loveliness. 

4.  The  stars  attend  thy  blue  course  in  the  east. 

5.  The  clouds  rejoice  in  thy  presence,  0  moon  ! 

6.  They  brighten  their  dark  brown  sides. 

7.  Who  is  like  thee  in  heaven,  light  of  the  silent  night ! 

Ossian. 


38  EXERCISES. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  extract  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence  as  to  form1  and  use*. 

3.  Give  its  subject-nominative. 

4.  Give  its  predicate-adjective  (or  attribute). 

5.  Give  its  predicate-verb  (or  copula). 

6.  Name  the  independent  phrase. 

7.  What  is  the  base  or  cMe/  part  of  this  phrase  ? 

8.  By  what  is  the  6ase  modified  ? 

9.  What  gender  is  « *  daughter  "  ?    10.    What  person  ? 

11.  Give  the  corresponding  masculine  of  "  daughter." 

12.  Classify  the  second  sentence  as  to  form  and  wse. 

13.  Give  its  entire  subject ;     14.    its  entire  predicate. 

15.  Give  the  modifiers  of  the  subject.     16.    Of  the  predicate-verb. 

17.  Give  the  adjective  in  predication. 

18.  To  what  does  this  adjective  relate  ? 

19.  What  kind  of  sentence  is  the  third,  as  to  form  and  wse^ 

20.  Give  its  simple  subject;    21.   its  entire  predicate. 

22.  Give  its  simple  predicate  (or  verb). 

23.  What  does  "forth"  modify  ? 

24.  Give  the  simple  subject  of  the  fourth  sentence. 

25.  Give  the  simple  predicate. 

26.  Give  the  simple  (or  unmodified)  object. 

27.  For  what  does  "thy"  stand?     28.    Give  the  gender  of  "Ay." 

29.  What  does  "in  the  east"  modify  ? 

30.  Classify  the  fifth  sentence  as  to  form  and  use. 

31.  Write  a  sentence  and  draw  a  line  under  its  principal  element* 
(or  parts). 

32.  Is  the  phrase   "in  thy  presence"  adjective  or  adverbial  in 
office? 

33.  What  independent  words  accompany  this  sentence  ? 

34.  Give  the  entire  predicate  of  the  sixth  sentence. 

35.  Give  its  predicate-verb  ;    36.    its  object 
37.    By  what  is  the  object  modified? 


1  Simple,  complex,  or  compound. 

2  Declarative,  interrogative,  imperative,  or  exclamatory. 


EXERCISES.  39 

38.  What  noun  does  "  their"  represent? 

39.  Select  a  compound  word. 

40.  Classify  the  last  sentence  of  the  extract  as  to  form  and  use. 

41.  What  independent  phrase  does  it  contain  ? 

42.  Give  the  subject-nominative  of  this  sentence. 

43.  Give  its  predicate-verb. 

44.  What  part  of  speech  is  "  like  "? 

45.  Of  what  is  "  thee  "  the  object? 

46.  What  does  "in  heaven  "  modify  ? 

47.  What  is  meant  by  the  phrase,   "  light  of  the  silent  night"? 

48.  Define  Orthography.     49.    Etymology.     50.    Syntax. 

Synthesis. 

Write  in  separate  sentences  and  indicate  by  the  underscore^  the 
following  : 

1.  A.  polysyllabic  word. 

2.  A  compound  word  modified. 

3.  A  word  having  a  prefix. 

4.  A  word  having  a  suffix. 

5.  A  plural  noun  formed  by  changing  /,  or  fe,  into  ves. 

6.  A  plural  noun  ending  in  ies. 

1.    A  noun  whose  plural  is  formed  irregularly. 

8.  A  word  in  which  y  final  is  changed  to  i  in  the  derivative  word. 

9.  A  word  in  which  y  final  is  unchanged  in  the  derivative  word. 

10.  A  word  illustrating  the  penultimate  accent. 

11.  A  word  illustrating  the  antepenultimate  accent. 

12.  The  plural  of  man-servant.     13.    Of  knight-templar. 
14.  The  plural  of  a.     15.    Of  5. 

False  Syntax. 

1 .  A  lion  is  bold. 

2.  Richard  Third  was  bad  king. 

3.  There  was  no  doubt  of  its  being  them. 

4.  The  four  sisters  were  tenderly  attached  to  each  other. 

5.  There  are  less  apples  now  than  this  morning. 


40  EXERCISES. 

6.  "Interesting"  is  accented  on  the  former  syllable. 

7.  Rebecca  took  goodly  raiment  and  put  them  on  Jacob. 

8.  What  are  the  news  ?     Are  they  good  ? 

9.  Night,  sable  goddess,  from  his  ebon  throne. 

10.  There  was  a  chance  of  him  recovering  his  money. 


EXERCISE  VI. 


1.  No  mate,  no  comrade,  Lucy  knew; 

2.  She  dwelt  on  a  wild  moor; 

3.  The  sweetest  thing  that  ever  grew, 

4.  Beside  a  cottage  door. 

5.  You  yet  may  spy  the  lamb  at  play, 

6.  The  hare  upon  the  green ; 

7.  But  the  sweet  face  of  Lucy  Gray 

8.  Will  never  more  be  seen. 

Words  wo  r  I  ft. 

Analysis- 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  stanzas  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence  as  to  form  (simple,  complex,  or  com 
pound). 

3.  State  the  number  of  clauses  in  this  sentence. 

4.  Give  its  co-ordinate  propositions. 

5.  Give  its  subordinate  proposition. 

6.  Which  proposition  has  a  compound  object  ? 

7.  Select  a  noun  in  the  nominative  case  from  the  first  stanza. 

8.  Select  an  adjective.     9.    A  transitive  verb. 
10.    A  relative  pronoun.     11.    A  preposition. 
12.    An  adverb.     13.    An  adverbial  phrase. 

14.    An  adjective  in  the  superlative  degree. 


EXERCISES.  41 

15.  Give  the  gender  of  "mate."     16.    Of  "thing" 

17.  Classify  the  second  sentence  as  to  form. 

18.  Give  its^rs^  proposition. 

19.  Give  the  predicate-verb  of  this  proposition ;     20.    the  objccL 

21.  What  does  "  yet  "  modify  ? 

22.  What  does  "  at  play  "  modify  ? 

23.  What  does  "  upon  the  green  "  modify  ? 

24.  Give  the  co-ordinate  connective  of  this  sentence. 

25.  What  does  "  sweet "  modify  ? 

26.  What  does  "  of  Lucy  Gray"  modify  ? 

27.  Give  ihe<part  of  speech  of  "  never." 

28.  To  what  does  it  belong  ? 

29.  What  par  t  of  speech  is  "  more"/ 

30.  To  what  does  it  belong  ? 

31.  Give  the  gender  of  "  lamb." 

32.  In  what  mood  is  "  may  spy  "f 

33.  Give  the  gender  of  "  hare" 

34.  In  what  tense  is  "may  spy"?    35.    Give  its  object. 

36.  Give  the  case  of  "face." 

37.  In  what  mood  is  the  verb  in  the  eighth  line  ? 

38.  In  what  tense?    39.    Give  its  voice. 

40.  Has  this  verb  an  object? 

41.  Give  the  four  principal  parts  of  "  see." 

42.  What  word  usually  a  noun  is  used  as  an  adjective  in  the  first 
stanza  ? 

43.  What  word  usually  an  adjective  is  used  as  a  noun  in  the  second 
stanza  ? 

44.  Change  the  fifth  line  to  the  corresponding  interrogative  propo- 
sition. 

45.  Select  a  word  containing  a  silent  vowel. 

46.  Select  a  word  having  a  silent  consonant. 

47.  Select  an  adjective  used  in  two  of  its  degrees  of  comparison. 

48.  Define  a  phrase.     49.    A  clause.     50.    A  compound  sentence. 

Synthesis. 

Write  in  separate  sentences  and  indicate  by  the  underscore,  the 
following  : 

1.    A  noun  of  the  masculine  gender. 


42  EXERCISES. 

2.  A  noun  of  the  feminine  gender. 

3.  A  noun  of  the  neuter  gender. 

4.  A  noun  of  the  common  gender. 

5.  If  in  the  plural  number. 

6.  Axis  in  the  plural  number. 

7.  Bandit  in  the  objective  plural. 

8.  A  noun  used  in  the  plural  number  only. 

9.  A  noun  having  the  same  form  for  either  number. 

10.  Beau  in  the  possessive  plural. 

11.  Cherub  in  nominative  plural. 

12.  Write  a  sentence  having  a  compound1  subject. 

13.  A  compound*  predicate.     14.    A  compound*  object. 

15.    Write  a  sentence  having  the  subject,  the  predicate,  and  the 
object,  all  compound. 

1  Two  or  more  subject-nominatives  to  the  same  verb. 

2  Two  or  more  predicate- verbs  relating-  to  the  same  subject. 

3  Two  or  more  substantives  as  the  object  of  the  same  verb. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  I  would  not  desire  to  be  him. 

2.  Milton  is  more  sublime  than  any  of  the  poets. 

3.  Henry  is  the  tallest  of  the  two. 

4.  He  is  an  old,  respectable  man. 

5.  Have  you  any  new  children's  shoes  ? 

6.  This  was  the  most  unkindest  cut  of  all. 

7.  This  was  the  more  noble  Roman  of  them  all. 

8.  This  is  the  pet  lamb  whom  all  admire. 

9.  The  committee  have  performed  its  task. 
10.  He  wore  a  knight's  templars  sword. 


EXERCISES.  43 


EXERCISE  VII. 


In  slumbers  of  midnight  the  sailor- boy  lay ; 

His  hammock  swung  loose  at  the  sport  of  the  wind  ; 
But  watch-worn  and  weary,  his  cares  flew  away ; 

And  visions  of  happiness  danced  o'er  his  mind. 

Dwiond. 

Analysis. 

1.  Is  the  above  sentence  simple,  complex,  or  compound? 

2.  Of  how  many  clauses  is  it  composed  ? 

3.  Of  how  many  proposi tions? 

4.  Is  a  clause  always  a  proposition? 

5.  May  a  simple  sentence  ever  contain  a  clause  ? 

6.  What  propositions  does  but  connect? 

7.  Give  the  simple  subject  of  the  first  proposition. 

8.  Give  the  predicate-verb. 

9.  By  what  is  the  subject  modified  ? 

10.  By  what  is  the  predicate  modified  ? 

11.  What  does  c '  of  'midnight "  modify  ? 

12.  What  is  the  complete  subject  of  the  second  proposition  ? 

13.  Give  its  complete  predicate. 

14.  Give  its  simple  subject. 

15.  Give  its  simple  predicate. 

16.  By  what  is  "hammock"  modified? 

17.  By  what  is  "sivung"  modified  ? 

18.  What  does  * '  of  the  wind  "  modify  ? 

19.  To  what  do  "watch-worn"  and  "weary"  relate? 

20.  What  is  the  antecedent  of  "  his  "? 

21.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "  in. " 

22.  Of  "swung."    23.  Of  "loose."    24.  Of  "at." 


44  EXERCISES. 

25.  Of  "sport."    26.  Of  "weary."    27.  Of  " away." 

28.  Of  "vision*."     29.  Of  " happiness."    30.  Of  "danced." 

31.  Of  "o'er."    32.  Oi^'his."    33.  Of  " mind." 

34.  Select  a  primitive  word.     35.  A  derivative  word. 

36.  Select  a  compound  word. 

37.  Write  the  possessive  of  " slumbers. "    38.  Of  "sailor-boy. " 

39.  What  mood  is  used  throughout  the  Exercise  ? 

40.  What  tense?   . 

41.  Is  "w"  a  vowel,  or  a  consonant,  in  "iveary"? 

42.  Is  "y"  &  vowel,  or  a  consonant,  in  "weary  "f 

43.  Is  "ea"  a  proper,  or  an  improper  diphthong? 

44.  Change  the  verb  of  the  last  line  to  the  progressive  form,  same 
tense. 

45.  What  word  has  two  silent  letters  ? 

46.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  a  ver6  in  first  line. 

47.  Of  the  verb  in  the  tfMVd  line. 

48.  Define  a  collective  noun.     49.  An  abstract  noun. 
50.  Define  a  verbal  or  participial  noun. 


Synthesis. 

Combine  into  appropriate  sentences  the  following  elements,  ami 
underscore  each  element : 

1.  A  prepositional  phrase  (one  introduced  by  a  preposition). 

2.  A  participial  phrase  (one  introduced  by  a  participle). 

3.  An  infinitive  phrase  (one  introduced  by  an  infinitive  verb), 
unmodified,  or  otherwise. 

4.  A  simple  phrase.     5.  A  complex  phrase. 

6.  A  compound  phrase. 

7.  A  phrase  used  adjectively. 

8.  A  phrase  used  adverbially. 

9.  A  phrase  used  substantively . 

10.  A  phrase  used  independently  (not  grammatically  connected). 

11.  A  phrase  expressing  time;  12.  manner;  13.  place. 

14.  An  adjective  phrase  and  an  adverbial  phrase. 

15.  A  phrase  with  a  preposition  understood. 


EXERCISES.  45 

False  Syntax. 

1.  This  State  exports  more  cotton  than  all  the  states. 

2.  That  large  oak  is  the  taller  of  the  three. 

3.  He  obtained  a  living  by  that  means. 

4.  That  moon  was  the  roundest  of  any. 

5.  We  took  a  pleasant  and  new  way. 

6.  Which  do  you  prefer  most,  apples  or  oranges  ? 

7.  He  is  an  exceeding  good  boy. 

8.  Velvet  feels  smoothly. 

9.  The  good's  must  be  returned  to-morrow. 
10.  Everything  is  judged  by  it's  use. 


EXERCISE  VIII 


1.  It  was  noontide.     The  sun  was  very  hot.     An  old 

2.  gentlewoman  sat  spinning  in  a  little  arbor 

3.  at  the  door.     She  was  blind;  and  her  grand- 

4.  daughter  was  reading  the  Bible  to  her.    The 

5.  old  lady  had  just  left  her  work,  to  attend  to  the 

(1  story  of  Ruth.  Chas.  Lamb. 

Analysis. 

1.  Give  the  number  of  sentences  in  the  above  extract. 

2.  Give  the  number  of  clauses. 

3.  Give  the  number  of  propositions. 

4.  Are  any  of  the  sentences  other  than  declarative  f 

5.  Are  any  of  them  other  than  simple  ? 

6.  Select  the  sentence  having  two  propositions. 

1.    Are  these  propositions  independent,  or  dependent '? 

8.    If  independent,  how  would  you  classify  the  sentence  as  to  for  in  ! 

9-20.    Write  all  the  subject-nominatives  of  the  extract  and  after 

each,  its  predicate-verb. 

•    a  U  M  *  w    fi  AV  «**  A 

'      -, , 


46  EXERCISES. 

21-25.    Write  all  the  descriptive  (or  qualifying)  adjectives  and  give 
the  noun  or  pronoun  to  which  each  relates. 

26-27.    Select  the  adverbs  and  tell  what  each  modifies. 

28.  Select  a  predicate-nominative. 

29.  Select  an  incomparable  adjective. 

30.  Give  the  nominative  form  of  the  pronoun  that  supplies  three  cases. 

31.  Name  the  cases  thus  represented. 

32.  Compare  "little";  33.  "old." 

34.  Select  a  common  noun  feminine  gender. 

35.  Select  a  proper  noun  feminine  gender. 

36.  Select  a  proper  noun  neuter  gender. 

37.  What  does  "in  a  little  arbor"  modify  ? 

38.  What  does  " at  the  door"  modify  ? 

39.  Select  an  adjective  phrase. 

40.  Select  an  adverbial  phrase. 

41.  Select  an  infinitive  phrase  (verb  in  the  infinitive  mood). 

42.  What  does  this  phrase  modify  ? 

43.  Select  a  verb  in  the  past  tense. 

44.  Select  a  verb  in  the  progressive  form. 

45.  What  part  of  speech  is  "spinning"? 

46.  To  what  does  it  belong  ? 

47.  Why  should  "Bible"  begin  with  a  capital  letter  ? 

48.  Define  a  monosyllable;  49.  dissyllable;  50.  trisyllable 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  complex  sentence  having  an  adjective  clause. 

2.  One  having  an  adverbial  clause. 

3.  One  with  a  noun-clause  in  the  nominative  case. 
Write  in  separate  sentences  and  underscore  the  following: 

4.  The  plural  of  madame.     5.    Of  memorandum. 

6.  Of  mouse-trap. 

7.  A  collective  noun  in  the  plural — shown  by  the  verb. 

8.  Shown  by  a  pronoun  referring  to  the  collective  noun. 

9.  A  collective  noun  of  the  singular,  neuter,  as  shown  by  the  verb. 

10.  A  masculine  noun  by  personification. 

11.  A  feminine  noun  by  personification, 

12.  The  corresponding  opposite  gender  of  buck. 

13.  Of  Earl.     14.    Of  stag.     15.    Of  witch. 


,    EXERCISES.  47 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  nice  apples  are  on  the  fartherest  linib. 

2.  The  opinion  was  more  universal  than  was  at  first  believed. 

3.  Of  two  evils,  choose  the  least. 

4.  Hand  me  them  books. 

5.  Bun  quick  into  the  house. 

6.  The  trader  bought  twenty  heads  of  cattle. 

7.  John,  he  has  broke  a  window. 

8.  The  jury  who  were  out  all  night  has  just  returned  a  verdict. 

9.  The  moon  kept  on  his  course. 

10.    In  no  case  are  writers  so  apt  to  err  as  in  the  word  only. 

MACAULAY. 


EXERCISE  IX. 


1.  Woodman,  spare  that  tree  ! 

2.  Touch  not  a  single  bough  ! 

3.  In  youth  it  sheltered  me, 

4.  And  I'll  protect  it  now. 

5.  'Tvvas  my  forefather's  hand 

6.  That  placed  it  near  his  cot ; 

7.  Then,  woodman,  let  it  stand, 

8.  Thy  axe  shall  harm  it  not. 

Geo.  P.  Morris. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  stanza  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence  as  to  form  and  use. 

3.  Give  its  subject ;   4.  its  predicate-verb. 

5.  Give  its  object. 

6.  What  independent  word  has  this  sentence? 


48  EXERCISES. 

7.  What  part  of  speech  is  "  that"?     8.  Give  its  plural. 

9.  Classify  the  first  declarative  sentence  as  complex,  or  compound. 

10.  Give  its  connective. 

11.  What  does  "  in  youth  "  modify  ? 

12.  Give  the  gender  of  "youth  "  as  here  used. 

13.  Classify  the  last  sentence  as  to  form. 

14.  Classify  the  same  as  to  use. 

15.  What  clause  is  not  declarative  in  this  sentence? 

16.  Should  this  fact  be  stated  in  connection  with  the  classification  ? 

17.  Give  the  subordinate  clause  of  this  sentence. 

18.  What  does  this  clause  modify  ? 

19.%  What  connects  it  to  the  preceding  clause  ? 

20.  What  part  of  speech  is  this  connective  ? 

21.  Select  from  the  stanza  a  pronoun,  third  person,  nominative  case. 

22.  Select  a  predicate-nominative. 

23.  An  adverb  of  time.     24.  Of  negation. 

25.  A  verb  in  the  imperative  mood. 

26.  A  verb  in  the  indicative  mood  future  tense. 

27.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "  single." 

28.  Qi"then"    29.  Of  "stand." 

30.  Give  the  antecedent  of  "  it"  third  line.     31.   Of  "  his." 

32.  In  what  case  is  "  cot  ?" 

33.  Give  the  rule  for  its  case, 

34.  Give  the  possessive  singular  of  "it." 

35.  Give  the  possessive  plural  of  "  it. " 

36.  Give  the  possessive  plural  of  "  axe. " 

37.  What  pronoun  has  the  same  form  in  two  cases  ? 

38.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  * '  let. " 

39.  Ot" stand."    40.  Of  "harm." 

41.  Select  an  auxiliary  verb. 

42.  What  person  is  ' '  woodman  "  f 

43.  Give  its  plural  possessive. 

44.  Change  the  last  line  to  the  corresponding  interrogative  propo- 
sition. 

45.  Change  the  same  to  the  corresponding  passive  proposition. 

46.  What  is  the  name  of  the  character  u    "  in  "Til"? 

47.  What  does  this  character  signify  when  thus  used  ? 

48.  Define  a  letter;  49.  &  vowel ;  50.  a  consonant. 


EXERCISES.  49 

Synthesis. 

Re-write  the  following  sentences  and  supply  the  proper  pronoun  in 
the  blank  spaces  : 

1.  Grim-visaged  war  hath  smoothed angry  front. 

2.  White- winged  peace  offers olive  branch. 

3.  The  lion  meets foe  boldly. 

4.  The  nightingale  sings evening  song. 

5.  The  bee  builds cells  now  as  at  first. 

6.  The  infant  was  lying  in cradle. 

7.  The  horse  eats oats  with  satisfaction. 

8.  The  goose  stretches  out neck. 

9.  There  march  a  train  with  baskets  on heads. 

10.  Mankind  directed first  care  to  the  useful. 

11.  The  jury  could  not  agree  in opinions. 

12.  The  council  was  a  unit  in decision. 

13.  The  multitude  pursue  pleasure  as only  delight. 

14.  The  committee  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  expressed  (itself?  or 
themselves  ?)  as  a  unit. 

15.  The  ship,  with snowy  sails,  soon  hove  in  sight. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  sixteen  first  soldiers  marched  by  twos. 

2.  The  class  whom  we  heard  acquitted  itself  finely. 

3.  Each  of  the  combatants  wore  their  visors  up. 

4.  Who  who  is  honest  will  deny  the  fact  ? 

5.  The  lion  is  an  animal  who  meets  his  foe  boldly. 

6.  The  chestnuts  are  our'n. 

7.  He  gave  it  to  the  Captain's  of  the  Baltic's  wife. 

8.  Xerxes  army  was  large. 

9.  He  from  my  childhood  I  have  known. 

10.  The  lord  cannot  refuse  to  admit  the  heir  of  his  tenant  upon  his 
death ;  nor  can  he  remove  his  present  tenant  as  long  as  he  lives. 

BLACKSTONE. 


50  EXEECISES. 


EXEECISE  X. 


Hands  of  angels  hidden  from  mortal  eyes  shifted  the  scenery 
of  the  heavens ;  the  glories  of  night  dissolved  into  the  glories 
of  the  dawn.  The  blue  sky  now  turned  more  softly  gray ;  the 
great  watch-stars  shut  up  their  holy  eyes.  The  east  began  to 
kindle,  and  soon  the  great  celestial  concave  was  filled  with  the 
inflowing  tides  of  the  morning  light. 

Everett. 

Analysis. 

1.  State  the  number  of  sentences  in  the  above  extract. 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence  as  to  form  and  use. 

3.  Give  the  entire  subject  of  the  first  member. 

4.  Give  its  entire  predicate ;  5.  its  subject-nominative. 
6.  Give  its  predicate-verb.     7.  Give  its  simple  object. 

8.  Select  from  this  member  an  adjective  phrase,  participial  in 
form. 

9.  Select  an  adjective  phrase,  prepositional  in  form. 

10.  Select  an  adverbial  phrase. 

11.  Give  the  entire  subject  of  the  second  member. 

12.  Give  its  entire  predicate. 

13.  What  complex  phrase  modifies  the  predicate-verb  ? 

14.  Classify  the  second  sentence  as  complex,  or  compound. 

15.  What  adjectives  are  found  in  its  first  member  ? 

16.  What  ones  are  found  in  its  second  member  ? 

17.  Select  from  this  sentence  an  adverb  of  time, 

18.  And  one  of  degree. 

19.  What  is  the  antecedent  of  "  their"? 

20.  Classify  the  last  sentence  as  complex,  or  compound. 

21-24.  Give  the  subject-nominative  and  predicate-verb  of  each  of 
its  propositions. 


EXERCISES.  51 

25.  In  what  mood  are  all  the  verbs  of  the  extract  ? 

26.  In  what  tense  ? 

27.  Which  verbs  are  transitive  active  ? 

28.  Which  one  is  transitive  passive  ¥ 

29.  Select  the  infinitive  verb. 

30.  Is  this  infinitive,  adverbial,  or  substantive  in  office  ? 

31.  Select  an  incomparable  adjective. 

32.  Is  "infloiving"  a  participial  (or  verbal)  adjective? 

33.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  "  began.'1 

34.  In  what  degree  of  comparison  is  "gray  "/ 

35.  What  part  of  speech  is  * '  softly  "$ 

36.  In  what  degree  is  "  softly"? 

37.  Select  a  primitive  word. 

38.  A  derivative  word,  and 

39.  A  compound  word. 

40.  Give  the  rule  for  doubling  the  "d  "  in  "  hidden." 

41.  What  gender  is  "angels"? 

42.  What  word  connects  the  last  two  propositions  ? 

43.  Does  this  conjunction  ever  connect  other  than  co-ordinaie  ele- 
ments ? 

44.  Classify  "  y"  in  "holy." 

45.  Classify  "w"iii  "was." 

46.  What  silent  letters  occur  in  "light "? 

47.  When  is  a  letter  said  to  be  silent  ? 

48.  Give  the  modifiers  (or  adjuncts)  of  "  tides." 

49.  Define  a  primitive  word. 

50.  Define  a  compound  word. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  complex  interrogative  sentence. 

2.  Write  a  complex  imperative  sentence. 

4.  Write  in  a  sentence  the  plural  of  goose  (iron  for  pressing). 

5.  The  plural  of  ellipsis. 

6.  Of  Mr.     7.    Of  the  pronoun  I. 

8.    Of  Miss  Smith.     9.    Of  Mr.  Brown. 
10.    The  plural  form  of  a  collective  noun. 


5"-2  EXERCISES. 

11.  Write  in  a  sentence  the  corresponding  opposite  gender  of  hero. 

12.  Of  he-goat  in  the  nominative  plural. 

13.  Of  friar  in  the  objective  plural. 

14.  Of  Sir  in  the  nominative  independent. 

1  \  Write  a  sentence  containing  six  different  parts  of  speech. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Virtue  and  vice  are  opposite  qualities ;  this  ennobles  the  mind, 
that  debases  it. 

2.  We  saw  the  prisoners  and  arms  which  were  captured. 

3.  Neither  the  merchant  nor  the  lawyer  made  themselves  rich. 

4.  This  is  the  same  friend  who  was  here. 

5.  Every  man  and  every  boy  received  their  wages. 

6.  The  parent's  care  for  her  children  is  a  divine  instinct. 

7.  John  told  his  father  that  his  brother  had  come. 

8.  It  was  he,  not  William's  fault. 

9.  The  novel  is  one  of  Scott. 

10.  Let  a  gallows  be  erected  of  fifty  cubits  high.  BIBLE. 


EXERCISE  XL 


The  breaking  waves  dashed  high  on  a  stern  and  rock- 
bound  coast, 

And  the  woods  against  a  stormy  sky  their  giant  branches 
tossed, 

And  the  heavy  night  hung  dark  the  hills  and  waters  o'er, 

When  a  band  of  exiles  moored  their  bark  on  the  wild 

New  England  shore. 

Mrs.  Hemans. 


EXERCISES.  53 

Analysis. 

1.  What  kind  of     sentence  is  the  above  as  to  form  ? 

2.  Of  how  many  clauses  is  it  composed  ? 

3.  Give  the  first  and  the  last  word  of  the  dependent  clause. 

4.  What  does  this  clause  modify? 

5.  Give  the  connective. 

6.  What  other  office  does  this  connective  perform  ? 

7-11.  Write  all  the  prepositional  phrases  and  state  what  each  mod- 
ifies. 

Write  each  of  the  following  words  and  describe  it  as  subject-nomi- 
native, predicate-verb,  object,  adjective  modifier,  as  the  case  may  be, 
of  the  word  or  words,  to  which  it  is  syntactically  related,  giving  such 
word  or  words  : 

12.  "Breaking";         13.  "waves";  14.  "dashed";  15.  "high"; 
16.  "stern";  17.  "coast";     18.  "their";       19.  "giant"; 

20.  "branches";          21.  "tossed";  22.  "heavy";    23.  "night"; 
24.  "hung";  25.  "dark";     26.  "hills";       27.  "waters"; 

28.  "band";  29.  "exiles";    30.  "bark";       31.  "wild"; 

32.  "New England";  33.  "shore." 

34.  Give  the  antecedent  of  "  their,"  second  clause. 

35.  Give  the  gender  of  "their"  last  clause. 

36.  Select  a  collective  noun.     37.    Give  its  gender. 

38.  Give  the  number  of  "moored." 

39.  In  what  mood  are  all  the  verbs  ? 

40.  In  what  tense  ? 

41.  Select  the  proper  adjective. 

42.  Select  a  compound  adjective. 

43.  Select  a  verbal  (or  participial}  adjective. 

44.  Can  this  adjective  be  compared  with  propriety  ? 

45.  Mention  a  part  of  speech  not  found  in  the  above  stanza. 

46.  Give  the  rule  for  capitalizing  "New  England" 

47.  What  sound  has  "e  "  in  "JZngland"? 

48.  Define  a  pronoun. 

49.  Define  a  personal  pronoun. 

50.  Define  a  relative  pronoun. 


54  EXERCISES. 

Synthesis. 

Write  in  separate  sentences,  and  underscore,  the  following: 

1.  Your  own  name  in  the  possessive  case. 

2.  A  noun  in  the  nominative  case  by  direct  address. 

3.  By  exclamation.     4.    By  pleonasm. 

5.  A  noun  in  the  nominative-absolute  before  a  participle. 

6.  Nominative  absolute  after  a  participle. 

7.  After  an  infinitive. 

8.  A  noun  used  as  a  predicate-nominative. 

9.  Sheep  in  the  possessive  plural. 

10.  Conscience  in  the  possessive  singular. 

11.  Knight-errant  in  the  possessive  plural. 

12.  The  corresponding  opposite  gender  of  Cfear. 

13.  The  possessive  plural  of  the  opposite  gender  of  cock-robin. 

14.  Richard  the  Third,  in  the  possessive  singular. 

15.  A  compound  personal  pronoun  in  apposition. 

False  Syntax, 

1.  The  court  has  reserved  their  judgment. 

2.  You  and  your  companions  may  go  to  their  sports. 

3.  The  cat  or  the  dog  must  have  taken  their  share. 

4.  They  are  wolves  in  sheep's  clothing. 

5.  John,  Henry  and  William's  nose  resembled  one  another. 

6.  John's  uncle's  brother's  farm  lies  in  the  valley. 

7.  She  that  is  studious,  commend  heartily. 

8.  Who  do  you  think  was  with  me  last  evening? 

9.  A  variety  of  pleasing  objects  charm  the  eye. 

10.  They  seem  to  have  been  tyro's.  SWIFT. 


EXERCISES.  55 


EXEECISE  XII. 


Captain  John  Hull  was  the  mint-master  of  Massachusetts, 
and  coined  all  the  money  that  was  used  there.  This  was  a 
new  line  of  business;  for,  in  the  earlier  days  of  the  colony, 
the  current  coinage  consisted  of  gold  and  silver  money  of  Eng- 
land, Portugal,  and  Spain.  These  coins  being  scarce,  the 
people  were  often  forced  to  barter  their  commodities  instead  of 
selling  them. 

Nathaniel  Hawthorne. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  selection  ? 

2.  Is  the  first  one  complex,  or  compound  ? 

3.  Give  the  subject-nominative  of  tlie  first  clause. 

4.  Give  the  entire  predicate. 

5-6.  Give  the  subject-nominative  and  predicate-verb  of  the  second 
clause. 

7.    Is  the  second  sentence  complex,  or  compound  ? 

8-11.    Give  the  simple  subject  and  predicate  of  each  proposition, 

12.  Classify  the  last  sentence  as  simple  or  compound. 

13.  Give  its  entire  subject.     14.    Give  its  entire  predicate. 

15.  Give  its  subject-nominative.     16.    Give  its  predicate-verb. 

17.  What  independent  phrase  in  the  extract  ? 

18.  Give  its  base,  or  chief  word. 

19.  Select  a  present  participle  used  adjectively. 

20.  Select  a  present  participle  used  substantively  (like  a  no'tnt}. 

21.  Select  an  adjective  phrase.     22.    An  adverbial  phrase. 
23.  A  complex  phrase.     24.    A  prepositional  phrase. 

25.    A  predicate-nominative.     26.    Give  its  modifiers. 

27.  What  word  connects  the  two  clauses  of  the  second  sentence  ? 

28.  What  part  of  speech  is  this  connective  ? 


56  EXERCISES. 

29.  Is  it  co-ordinate,  or  subordinate  ? 

30.  What  part  of  speech  is  " selling,"  as  here  used? 

31.  Has  this  word  case? 

32.  By  what  rule  would  you  parse  "  selling  '*$ 

33.  What  is  the  subsequent  term  of  relation  of  the  preposition  pre- 
ceding ? 

34.  Name  this  preposition  ? 

35.  Select  an  infinitive  verb. 

36.  What  does  it  modify  ? 

37.  Select  a  noun  used  absolutely  (or  independently). 

38.  What  part  of  speech  is  "scarce " ? 

39.  To  what  does  it  relate  ? 

40.  Select  a  verb  in  the  passive  voice. 

41.  Select  an  adverb  of  place. 

42.  Select  an  adjective  in  the  comparative  degree. 

43.  Give  the  antecedent  of  "their." 

44.  For  what  does  "  them  "  stand  ? 

45.  Give  the  plural  possessive  of  " money." 

46.  In  what  mood  are  all  the  verbs  ? 

47.  In  what  tense  ? 

48.  Define  an  interrogative  pronoun. 

49.  Define  "gender."    50.    Define  a  triphthong. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  verbal  (or  participial)  adjective. 

2.  Write  a  declarative  sentence  in  which  the  subject  comes  after 
the  verb. 

3.  Write  a  sentence  having  an  appositive  phrase. 

4.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  possessive  plural  of  mouse- 
trap.    5.    Of  spoonful. 

6.  Of  brother-in-law.     1.    Of  hanger-on. 

8.  Of  woman-servant.     9.    Of  dor-mouse. 

10.  Write  in  a   sentence  the   corresponding   opposite    gender   of 
abbot.     11.    Of  testator. 

12.  Of  roe.     13.    Of  duke. 

14.  Write  a  sentence  containing  three  personal  pronouns. 

15.  Compose  a  sentence  having  all  the  parts  of  speech. 


EXEECISES.  57 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Each  day  and  each  nour  bring  contrary  blessings. 

2.  I,  you,  and  James  were  invited. 

3.  You,  James,  and  I  broke  the  buggy. 

4.  Ferdinand's  and  Isabella's  united  aid  was  asked  by  Columbus. 

5.  Let  thou  and  I  the  battle  try. 

6.  Who  are  you  going  to  vote  for  ? 

7.  The  dead  warrior  looked  fiercely. 

8.  Was  it  me  that  you  saw? 

9.  Such  phenomena  is  very  strange. 
10.  Please  to  read  slow  and  plain. 


EXEECISE  XIII. 


1.  Beauty   is   an   all-prevailing  presence.     It  unfolds   in 

2.  the  numberless  flowers  of  the  spring.     It  waves  in  the 

3.  branches  of  the  trees  and  the  green  blades  of  grass.     It 

4.  haunts  the  depths  of  the  earth  and  sea,  and  gleams  out  in 

5.  the  hue  of  the  shell  and  precious  stone.    The  universe  is  its 

6.  temple  ;  and  those  men  who  are  alive  to  it,  cannot  lift  up 

7.  their  eyes  without  feeling  themselves  encompassed  with  it 

8.  on  every  side, 

Channing. 

Analysis. 

1-8.  Give  the  simple  subject  and  predicate  of  each  of  the  first 
four  propositions. 

9-12.  Write  all  the  descriptive  (or  qualifying}  adjectives  of  these 
propositions. 

13.  Draw  a  line  under  those  not  comparable. 

14.  Select  from  the  Exercise  a  predicate  nominative. 


58  EXERCISES. 

15.  An  adverbial  phrase.     16.    An  adjective  phrase. 

17.  A  prepositional  phrase.     18.    A  simple  phrase. 

19.  A  complex  phrase. 

20.  What  subject  has  a  compound  predicate  ? 

21.  In  what  mood  are  the  verbs  of  this  predicate  ? 

22.  Classify  the  last  sentence  of  the  Exercise. 

23.  Name  its  co-ordinate  propositions. 

24.  What  word  connects  them  ? 

25.  Name  the  subordinate  clause  of  this  sentence. 

26.  Is  this  clause  adjective,  or  adverbial  in  office  ? 

27.  On  what  does  it  depend  ? 

28.  Name  the  connecting  word  of  this  clause  ? 

29.  Select  from  the  sentence  a  plural  definitive  adjective. 

30.  Give  its  singular  form. 

31.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "  who." 

32.  Ot  "alive."    33.    Of  "up."    34.    Of  "  ivithout." 

35.    Of" feeling."    36.    Of  " encompassed.'1    37.    Of  " with." 

38.  What  tense  is  used  throughout  the  Exercise  ? 

39.  Name  the  transitive  verbs.     40.  Decline  "who";    41.   "men." 

42.  Give  the  antecedent  of  "it,"  sixth  line. 

43.  Of  "their"  in  the  same  line. 

44.  Of  "  themselves"  in  the  seventh  line. 

45.  Can  themselves  properly  be  used  in  the  nominative  case  / 

46.  Select  a  verb  in  the  potential  mood. 

47.  Give  the  two  terms  of  relation  of  "  without." 

48.  Define  person.     49.    Number.     50.    Case. 

Synthesis. 

Write  in  separate  sentences  the  possessive  plural  of  the  following 
words : 

1.    The  pronoun  I.  2.    Court-martial. 

3.    Wagon-load.  4.    Piano-forte. 

5.   Jack-a-lantern.  6.    Knight  -templar. 

7.    Ox.  8.    Child. 

9.   Miss.  10.    Attorney-general. 

11.    Summons.  12.    Man-of-war. 

13.    Man-of-war' s-man.  14.    Alumnus. 

15.    Write  a  sentence  having  a  noun-clause  in  the  objective  case. 


EXERCISES.  59 

False  Syntax. 


1.  It  is  very  painful  to  have  a  tooth  pulled. 

2.  I  rode  the  conimander's-in-chief ' s  horse. 

3.  There  was  no  doubt  of  him  being  promoted. 

4.  His  sister-in-laws  were  present. 

5.  All  went  except  he. 

6.  Between  you  and  I,  he  is  a  little  orazy. 

7.  How  can  we  tell  who  to  trust. 

8.  He  and  I  was  working  in  the  same  fiald. 

9.  Twenty  head  of  cattle  was  passing. 
10.  She  works  well  and  neat. 


EXERCISE  XIV. 


1.  I  saw  from  the  beach  when  the  morning  was  shining, 

2.  A  bark  o'er  the  waters  move  gloriously  on  ; 

3.  I  came  when  the  sun  o'er  that  beach  was  declining — 

4.  The  bark  was  still  there  but  the  waters  were  gone. 

Moore. 

*5.  Not  a  drum  was  heard,  not  a  funeral  note, 

(5.  As  his  corse  to  the  rampart  we  hurried ; 

7.  Not  a  soldier  discharged  his  farewell  shot, 

8.  O'er  the  grave  where  our  hero  was  buried. 

Wolf. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  both  stanzas  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  as  complex  or  compound. 

3.  Give  the  reason  for  your  classification. 

4-9.    Give  the  simple  subject  and  predicate  of  three  of  the  princi- 
pal propositions  of  the  first  titanza. 


60  EXERCISES. 

10-13.    Give  the  same  of  its  subordinate  propositions. 

14.  Give  the  co-ordinate  connective. 

15.  Give  the  subordinate  connectives. 

16.  What  part  of  speech  are  these  subordinate  connectives  ? 
17-19.    Name  the  adverbial  phrases  and  state  what  each  modifies. 

20.  Do  these  phrases  express  time,  place,  degree,  or  manner? 

21.  Answer  the  same  question  with  reference  to  the  subordinate 
clauses. 

22.  Select  the  transitive  verb  in  this  sentence. 

23.  What  part  of  speech  is  "  on"? 

24.  Give  its  syntactical  office. 

25.  Select  an  adverb  of  time. 

26.  Select  an  adverb  of  place. 

27.  Select  an  adverb  of  manner. 

28.  Is  "were  gone"  a  transitive  verb  ?    29.    Has  it  voice  ? 

30.  What  kind  of  sentence  as  to  form  is  the  second  stanza  ? 

31.  Of  how  many  propositions  is  it  composed  ? 

32.  Name  the  co-ordinate  propositions. 

33.  Name  the  subordinate  propositions. 

34.  What  does  the  first  one  modify  ?     33.    Give  its  connect  ii  v  . 

36.  What  does  the  last  clause  modify  ? 

37.  Is  it  adjective,  or  adverbial  in  office  ? 

38.  Give  its  connective. 

39.  What  part  of  speech  is  this  connective  $ 

40.  What  part  of  speech  is  the  first  "not,"  line  5  ? 

41.  What  does  it  modify  ? 

42.  What  does  "  to  the  rampart "  modify  ? 

43.  Give  the  syntax  of  the  second  "not." 

44.  Give  the  possessive  plural  of  "hero." 

45.  Give  its  corresponding  feminine. 

46.  What  mood  have  all  the  verbs  of  the  last  stanza  ? 

47.  What  tense  is  used  throughout  the  same  ? 

48.  Define  the  masculine  gender. 

49.  Define  an  improper  diphthong. 

50.  Into  what  general  classes  are  letters  divided? 


EXERCISES.  61 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  expressing  by  the  possessive  case  joint  owner- 
ship of  a  store  by  Brown  and  Smith. 

2.  Express  in  a  sentence  by  the  possessive  case  separate  owner- 
ship by  Brown  and  Smith. 

3.  Write  a  sentence  with  a  noun  in  the  possessive  case  by  appo- 
sition. 

4.  With  a  noun  used  as  the  object  of  an  infinitive  verb. 

5.  With  a  noun  used  as  the  object  of  a  participle. 

6.  With  a  pronoun  used  as  the  object  of  a  preposition  understood. 

7.  With  a  predicate-nominative  after  some  verb  other  than  be  or 
become. 

8.  With  a  predicate-nominative  after  a  passive  verb  (verb  in  pas- 
sive voice). 

9.  Compose  a  sentence  containing  a  pronominal  adjective. 

10.  A  numeral  adjective. 

11.  A  compound  adjective. 

12.  A  definitive  (limiting)  adjective. 

13.  A  proper  adjective  modifying  a  predicate-nominative. 

14.  An  ordinal  numeral  adjective. 

15.  A  participial  adjective  modified. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Many  a  flower  must  waste  their  sweetness. 

2.  That  fine  orator  and  statesman  will  deliver  their  lecture  to-night. 

3.  There  was  a  certain  householder  which  planted  a  vineyard. 

4.  The  book  is  at  Smith's  and  Brown's  store. 

5.  I  can  run  as  fast  as  him. 

6.  You  will  repent  you  of  your  foolish  choice. 

7.  Between  the  three  brothers,  no  contention  had  ever  occurred. 

8.  It  could  not  be  them  whom  you  saw. 

9.  Has  the  cows  been  fed  ? 

10.  My  cause  and  thine  is  one.  DRYDEN. 


62  EXERCISES. 


EXEECISE  IV. 


Marley  was  dead  to  begin  with.  There  was  no  doubt  about 
that.  The  register  of  his  burial  was  signed  by  the  clergyman, 
the  clerk,  the  undertaker,  and  the  chief  mourner.  Scrooge 
signed  it ;  and  Scrooge's  name  was  good  upon  '  Change '  for 
anything  he  chose  to  put  his  hand  to.  Old  Marley  was  as  dead 
as  a  door-nail.  Dickens. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  simple  sentences  in  the  extract  ? 

2.  Which  sentence  is  compound  ? 

3.  Which  one  is  complex  ? 

4.  Give  the  co-ordinate  propositions. 

5.  Select  a  clause  used  adjectively. 

6.  Select  one  used  adverbially. 

7.  What  does  the  adverbial  clause  modify  ? 

8.  What  connects  it  to  the  principal  clause  ? 

9.  What  does  the  adjective  clause  modify  ? 

10.  What  connects  it  to  the  principal  clause  ? 

11.  What  connects  the  co-ordinate  propositions  ? 

12.  Give  the  construction  of  "to  begin  with." 

13.  Give  the  syntax  of  "with." 

14-29.  Write  the  subject-nominative,  and  immediately  thereafter, 
the  predicate-verb  of  each  proposition  of  the  Exercise. 

30.  Change  * '  Scrooge  signed  it "  to  the  corresponding  passive  form. 

31.  Wliat  part  of  speech  is  "dead "f 

32.  What  is  the  rule  for  parsing  the  infinitive  verb  in  the  first  sen- 
tence? 

33.  What  part  of  speech  is  "(here "'? 

34.  Give  the  reason  for  your  answer  to  the  above  question. 


EXERCISES.  63 

35.  Give  the  rule  for  parsing  "there." 

36.  What  pronoun  is  understood  in  one  of  the  propositions  ? 

37.  What  ellipsis  occurs  in  another  proposition  ? 

38.  Select  a  preposition  having  a  compound  object. 

39.  What  does  the  phrase  modify  ? 

40.  Select  a  noun  in  the  possessive  case. 

41.  Parse  the  last  word  in  the  fourth  sentence. 

42.  Give  the  rule  for  parsing  "to put. " 

43.  Wh&tpart  of  speech  is  the  first  "  as"  in  the  last  sentence  ? 

44.  The  second  "as"? 

45.  Select  an  adverbial  phrase  of  place. 

46.  Select  a  definitive  (or  limiting)  adjective. 

47.  What  does  "  about  that "  modify  ? 

48.  What  does  "that"  stand  for,  or  represent? 

49.  Define  a  root.     50.    Define  a  prefix. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  adjective  and  a  prepositional 
phrase  limiting  the  subject. 

2.  Add  to  the  above  an  adverb  and  an  adverbial  phrase. 

3.  Write  a  sentence  having  the  subject  modified  by  three  adjectives. 

4.  One  containing  two  auxiliary  verbs. 

5.  A  sentence  having  an  adjective  modified  by  an  adverb. 

6.  Write  a  sentence  containing  two  objective  words,  two  adverbs, 
and  two  articles. 

Write  in  separate  sentences  and  underscore  the  following : 

7.  A  cardinal  numeral  adjective. 

8.  A  multiplicative  numeral  adjective. 

9.  An  adjective  in  the  comparative  degree. 

10.  An  adjective  in  the  superlative  degree. 

11.  An  incomparable  adjective. 

12.  The  adjectives  evil  and  good  in  the  superlative  degree. 

13.  The  adjectives  little  and  many  in  the  comparative  degree. 

14.  The  adjectives  fore  and  near  in  the  superlative  degree. 

15.  The  adjectives  old  and  late  in  the  comparative  degree. 


64  EXERCISES. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Would  you  just  as  leave  go  ? 

2.  Go  where  ox-lips  and  the  nodding  violet  grows. 

3.  The  lady  was  the  first  who  called. 

4.  We  cannot  allow  of  such  things. 

5.  The  money  was  divided  among  the  two. 

6.  The  Senate  have  adjourned. 

7.  Horses  are  a  common  noun. 

8.  Many  a  captain  with  all  the  crew  have  been  lost  at  sea. 

9.  Our  heavy  task  is  not  near  done. 

10.    I  never  did  repent  of  doing  good,  nor  shall  not  now. 

SHAKESPEARE, 


EXERCISE  XYL 


Full  many  a  gem  of  purest  ray  serene, 

The  dark  unfathomed  caves  of  ocean  bear ; 

Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air. 

Some  village  Hampden,  that,  with  dauntless  breast, 
The  little  tyrant  of  his  field  withstood — 

Some  mute,  inglorious  Milton,  here  may  rest; 
Some  Cromwell,  guiltless  of  his  country's  blood. 

Gray's  Elegy. 

Analysis. 

1.  Classify  the  first  sentence  of  the  extract  as  to  form. 

2.  How  many  propositions  does  it  contain  ? 

3.  Give  the  entire  subject  of  the  first  proposition. 

4.  Give  its  entire  predicate.     5.    Give  its  subject-nominative. 
6.  Give  its  predicate-verb. 


EXERCISES.  65 

7-10.    Answer  the  last  four  directions  with  reference  to  the  second 
proposition. 

State  whether  the  following  elements  are  adjective  or  adverbial  in 
office,  and  on  what  each  depends  : 

11.  "Full";       12.   "many  a";  13.  "  of  purest  ray  serene" ; 

14.  "serene";   15.   "dark";       16.  " of  ocean" ;    17.  "to  blush"; 

18.  "unseen";  19.   "its";  20.  " on  the  desert  air." 

21.  In  what  case  is  "gem  "? 

22.  Give  the  antecedent  of  "  its. " 

23.  Select  a  verb  in  the  potential  mood. 

24.  Give  the  tense  of  "bear."    25.    Give  its  principal  parts. 
26.  Give  the  mood  of  "is  born."    27.    Is  it  transitive  9 

28.  Classify  the  second  stanza  as  a  complex,  or  a  compound  sen- 
tence. 

29.  Mention  its  co-ordinate  propositions. 
30  Give  its  subordinate  clause. 

31.  Is  this  clause  adjective,  or  adverbial  in  office  ? 

32.  What  connects  it  to  the  principal  clause  ? 

33.  Of  which  clause  is  this  connective  a  part  ? 

34.  What  part  of  speech  is  "village"? 

35.  What  does  "with  dauntless  breast "  modify  ? 

36.  What  phrase  modifier  has  ' '  tyrant "  9 

37.  Is  "of  his  country's  blood"  adjective,  or  adverbial  in  office  ? 

38.  Write  the  plural  possessive  of  * '  country. " 

.  39.  Select  from  the  stanzas  an  adjective  in  the  superlative  degree. 

40.  Select  an  adjective  not  commonly  compared. 

41.  Give  the  mood  of  "may  rest." 

42.  Has  this  verb  an  object  9 

43.  Why  does  " Hampden  "  begin  with  a  capital? 

44.  Is  "Milton"  as  here  used  a  common  ox  proper  noun  ? 

45.  Give  the  reason  for  your  answer. 

46.  What  ellipsis  must  be  supplied  in  the  last  stanza,  if  any? 

47.  In  what  case  is  "  tyrant "? 

48.  Define  a  noun.     49.    Define  a  common  noun. 
50.  Define  a  proper  noun. 


66  EXERCISES. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write   a   sentence  with  a    predicate  adjective  modified  by  a 
phrase. 

2.  A  sentence  with  an  adjective  taken  abstractly  (or  absolutely) 
after  a  subject  infinitive. 

3.  An  adjective  taken  abstractly  or  absolutely  after  a  participle. 

4.  An  adjective  used  for  an  adverb,  by  poetic  license. 

5.  An  adjective  used  as  a  noun. 

6.  An  adjective  (not  in  predicate)  following  its  noun. 

7.  An  adjective  relating  to  a  pronoun  in  the  objective  case. 

8.  An  adjective  belonging  to  a  participial  noun. 

9.  Write  a  sentence  using  'which  as  an  adjective. 

10.  Compose  a  sentence  using  the  same  personal  pronoun  in  two 
different  cases. 

It.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  a  personal  pronoun  agree- 
ing with  its  antecedent  in  the  third,  masculine,  singular. 

12.  In  the  third,  feminine,  singular. 

13.  In  the  third,  neuter,  singular. 

14.  In  the  third,  common,  plural. 

15.  Write  a  complex  sentence  with  two  dependent  clauses. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  jury  said  it  must  have  its  dinner. 

2.  Winter  conies  shaking  its  shaggy  beard. 

3.  Russia  and  Turkey's  armies  fought  many  battles. 

4.  Satan,  than  who,  none  higher  sat. 

5.  Whom  do  men  say  I  am  ? 

6.  The  Pleasure*  of  Hope  were  read  to  the  company. 

7.  No  man,  woman,  nor  child  were  to  be  seen. 

8.  There  are  plenty  of  molasses  in  the  barrel. 

9.  He,  and  not  I,  am  to  blame. 

10.  It  not  only  has  form  but  life.  N.  A.  REVIEW. 


EXERCISES.  6? 

•  n    /  . 


•  - 

• 


EXERCISE  XVII. 


The  waters  slept.     Night's  silvery  veil  hung  low 
On  Jordan's  bosom,  and  the  eddies  curled 
Their  glossy  rings  beneath  it,  like  the  still. 
Unbroken  beating  of  the  sleeper's  pulse. 
The  reeds  bent. down  the  stem;  the  willow  leaves, 
With  a  soft  cheek  upon  the  lulling  tide, 
Forgot  the  lifting  winds ;  and  the  long  stems, 
Whose  flowers  the  water,  like  a  gentle  nurse, 
Bears  on  its  bosom,  quietly  gave  way, 
And  leaned  in  graceful  attitude  tc  rest. 

.V.  P.  Willis. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

3.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

4.  Classify  the  third  sentence. 

5-18.  Write  all  the  simple  subjects  of  the  Exercise  and  after  each 
give  its  predicate-verb  or  verb*. 

State  whether  the  following  elements  are  adjective  or  adverbial  in 
office,  and  on  which  each  depends  : 

19.  "Night's";  20.  "silvery";  21.  "low";  22.  "on  Jordan's  boxow" ; 

23.  "their";     24.  "beneath  it";  25.  "down";     26.  "willow"; 

27.  "soft";       28.  "whose";          29.  "quietly";  30.  "to  rest." 

31.    Of  what  is  "beating"  the  object  f    32.    Classify  "  like" 

33.  Select  a  participial  (or  verbal)  noun. 

34.  Select  a  participial  (or  verbal)  adjective. 

35.  Is  "bent"  transitive?    36.    Give  the  antecedent  of  ' c  whose. " 


68  EXERCISES. 

37.  Classify  "way."    38.    Give  its  syntax. 

39.  What  line  is  wholly  composed  of  a  phrase  ? 

40.  What  does  this  phrase  modify  ? 

41.  Name  the  verb  in  the  present  tense. 

42.  In  what  tense  are  the  other  verbs  ? 

43.  What  mood  is  used  throughout  ? 

44.  What  three  nouns  are  in  the  possessive  case  ? 

45.  What  pronouns  are  in  the  possessive  case  ? 

46.  Expand   "sleeper's  pulse"  using  a  prepositional  phrase  hi 
place  of  the  possessive. 

47.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  "bears." 

48.  Define  an  "article."    49.    Define  a  common  noun. 
50.    Define  a  proper  noun. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  simple  sentence  having  a  noun-infinitive  as  the  object 
of  a  verb. 

2.  Write  a  sentence  composed  of  trisyllables. 

3.  Compose  a  complex  sentence  of  monosyllables. 

4.  Form  a  sentence  using  a  phrase  denoting  place. 

5.  One  with  a  phrase  denoting  time. 

6.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  conjunctive  adverb. 

7.  Write  a  complex  sentence  whose  dependent  clause  expresses  a 
condition. 

8.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  two  personal  pronouns,  one 
of  the  first,  and  the  other  of  the  second  person. 

Write  separate  sentences  containing  pronouns,  as  follows  : 

9.  First,  singular,  common  gender,  possessive. 

10.  Second,     "  "  "  " 

11.  Third,        "  masculine  "  " 

12.  Third,        "  neuter 

13.  Second,     "  feminine  "  objective. 

14.  Third,        "  masculine  " 

15.  First,  plural,  common  "  possessive. 


EXERCISES.  69 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  boy  who  came  last  and  that  is  now  here  may  recite. 

2.  Do  this  for  conscience's  sake. 

3.  He  will  be  here  on  to-morrow. 

4.  They  imagined  it  to  be  she. 

5.  The  jury  is  individually  responsible. 

6.  Neither  moon  nor  star  appear  in  the  heaven. 

7.  Was  your  scissors  broken  this  morning. 

8.  It  is  I  who  is  in  fault. 

9.  The  teacher  tried  to  learn  me  the  lesson. 

10.    There  appears  to  be  many  more  included.  BLAIR. 


EXERCISE  XYIIL 


1.  The  dew  was  falling  fast,  the  stars  began  to  blink, 

2.  I  heard  a  voice ;  it  said,  Drink,  pretty  creature,  drink ; 

3.  And  looking  o'er  the  hedge,  before  me  I  espied 

4.  A  snow-white  mountain  lamb  with  a  maiden  by  its  side. 

Wordsworth. 

Analysis. 

1.    How  many  propositions  in  the  above  stanza  ? 
2-3.    Give  the  simple  subject  and  predicate  of  the  first  one. 
4-5.    Give  the  same  of  the  second,  and 
6-7.    Of  the  third. 

8.  Which  of  the  three  verbs  given  are  transitive  ? 

9.  What  is  the  syntactical  office  of  "fast "?    10.   Of  "to  blink  ?" 
11-12.    Give  the  simple  subject  and  predicate  of  the  fourth  propo- 
sition. 

13.  What  is  the  object  of  '  *  said  "  ? 

14.  What  is  the  subject  of  "  drink  "? 


70  EXERCISES. 

15.  Of  "whai  person  is  this  subject?    16.    What  number  / 

17.  What  does  this  subject  stand  for,  or  represent  ? 

18.  Give  the  entire  subject  of  the  last  proposition. 

19.  Give  the  entire  predicate.     20.    Give  the  predicate-verb. 

21.  Give  the  subject-nominative. 

22.  What  is  the  object  of  this  verb  ? 

23.  What  does  "  snow-white  "  modify  ? 

24.  Classify  "mountain"  as  here  used. 

25.  Of  what  gender  is  "  £ar/i6  "£ 

26.  What  is  the  syntactical  office  of  "ivith  a  maiden  by  its  side"? 

27.  Is  "by  its  side"  adjective,  or  adverbial  in  office? 

28.  Give  the  corresponding  opposite  gender  of  "maiden." 

29.  Classify  "loo k ing."    30.    Give  its  syntactical  office. 

31.  What  does  "and"  connect? 

32.  What  kind  of  conjunction  is  "and"?    33.    Compare  "fast." 
34-38.    Change  the  first  proposition  to  the  other  tense  forms  of  the 

same  mood. 

39.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  "  began." 

40.  What  independent  word  occurs  in  the  stanza  ? 

41.  Of  what  person  is  this  word? 

42.  Of  what  gender?    43.    In  what  case  £ 

44.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  "drink." 

45.  In  what  mood  is  * '  drink  "? 

46.  Select  an  adjective  phrase. 

47.  Give  the  rule  for  beginning  "Drink  "  with  a  capital. 

48.  Define  the  singular  number.     49.    The  plural  number. 
50.  Define  the  nominative  case. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  a  transitive  infinitive  verb. 

2.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  an  appositive  noun  modified 
by  a  phrase. 

3.  Write  a  complex  sentence  whose  subordinate  clause  is  quoted. 

4.  Write  a  compound  sentence  having  two  dependent  clauses. 

5.  Write  a  transitive  imperative  sentence. 

Write  separate  sentences  having  the  following  described  pronouns : 

6.  Third,  plural,  common,  possessive. 


EXERCISES.  71 

7.  Third,  plural,  common,  objective. 

8.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  reciprocal  pronoun. 

9.  A  compound  personal  pronoun. 

10.  A  compound  relative  pronoun. 

11.  A  responsive  (relative  indefinite,   indirect  interrogative)  pro- 

110U11. 

12.  The  double  relative  pronoun  (the  one  that  may  supply  two  cases). 

13.  Construct  a  sentence  with  ivho  as  a  relative. 

14.  One  with  that  as  a  relative. 

15.  One  with  which  as  a  relative. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  He  and  they  we  know,  but  who  art  thou? 

2.  He  spoke  of  Peter's  the  Hermit's  eloquence. 

3.  Solomon  was  wiser  than  all  men. 

4.  I  doubted  its  being  him. 

5.  The  peasantry  goes  barefoot  in  some  climates. 

6.  Thinks  I  to  myself,  I'll  surprise  him. 

7.  The  young  girl  was  very  poetically. 

8.  Will  you  go,  sure  ? 

9.  From  the  bridge  quite  a  number  of  people  were  able  to  see  the 
regatta. 

10.    Please  step  in  my  carriage. 


EXERCISE  XIX. 


The  Assyrian  came  down  like  the  wolf  on  the  fold, 
And  his  cohorts  were  gleaming  in  purple  and  gold ; 
And  the  sheen  of  their  spears  was  like  stars  on  the  sea, 
When  the  bine  wave  rolls  nightly  on  dark  Galilee. 

Byron. 

Lives  of  great  men  all  remind  us 

We  can  make  our  lives  sublime, 
And  departing,  leave  behind  us 

Footprints  on  the  sands  of  time. 

Longfellow. 


72 .  EXERCISES. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  two  stanzas  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

3.  Of  how  many  clauses  is  it  composed  ? 

4.  Which  clause  is  dependent  / 

5-12.    Give  the  subject-nominative  and  predicate-verb  of    each 
clause  in  the  first  stanza. 

13.    What  is  the  syntactical  office  of  "  like  "$ 
14:.    What  does  "  on  the  fold  "  modify  ? 

15.  What  part  of  speech  is  "purple  " ? 

16.  By  what  is  foe  first  clause  and  the  second  connected  ? 

17.  Select  an  adjective  phrase. 

18.  What  does  it  modify? 

19.  Select  an  adverbial  phrase. 

20.  What  does  it  modify? 

21.  What  is  the  syntactical  office  of  "on  dark  Galilee "? 

22.  Select  from  the  first  stanza  an  adverb  of  place. 

23.  An  adverb  of  time.     24.   A  conjunctive  adverb. 

25.  Select  a  verb,  progressive  form. 

26.  Of  what  gender  is  "  their  "  f 

27.  Is  ' '  Assyrian  "  a  proper  noun  ? 

28.  Is  it  a  collective  noun  ? 

29.  Is  "Assyrian"  singular,  or  plural,  as  here  used? 

30.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

31.  How  many  clauses  has  it  ? 

32.  What  is  the  syntactical  office  of  the  second  clause  ? 

33.  Give  the  entire  subject  of  foe  first  clause. 

34.  Give  its  entire  predicate.     35.    Give  its  subject-nominative* 

36.  Give  its  predicate-verb. 

37.  What  part  of  speech  is  *  *  all "? 

38.  Give  the  rule  for  its  construction. 

39.  Write  foe  possessive  singular  of  "lives.1" 

40.  Classify  '  *  sublime. "     41 .    Classify  ' '  departing. " 

42.    To  what  does  it  relate  ?     43.    What  does  "  and"  connect  ? 
44.    In  what  mood  is  "  leave  "?      45.    In  what  tense  "? 
46.    Give  the  syntax  of  "  on  the  sands  of  time," 


EXERCISES.  73 

47.  Why  does  "Footprints  "  begin  with  a  capital  letter  ? 

48.  Define  the  neuter  gender.     49.    Define  the  feminine  gender. 
50.    Define  the  masculine  gender. 

Synthesis, 

1.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  a  compound  personal  pro- 
noun, masculine,  objective. 

2.  A  compound  personal  pronoun,  feminine,  objective. 

3.  Construct  a  sentence  having  the  neuter  compound  personal  pro- 
noun in  apposition  with  the  subject. 

4.  A  compound  personal  pronoun,  first  person,  objective  plural. 

5.  A  compound  personal  pronoun,  third  person,  objective  plural. 

6.  Construct  a  sentence  using  as  as  a  relative. 

7.  Using  what  as  an  interrogative  pronoun. 

8.  Using  ivhat  as  a  relative  pronoun. 

9.  Using  what  as  an  adjective. 

10.  Using  what  as  an  adverb. 

11.  Using  w hat  as  a  noun. 

12.  Using  what  as  an  interjection. 

13.  Using  ivhat  as  a  responsive  pronoun. 

14.  Write  a  sentence  with  a  relative  pronoun  referring  to  a  joint 
antecedent  connected  by  and. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  in  which  the  relative  is  understood. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Five  and  one  is  six. 

2.  Twelve  months'  interest  were  due. 

3.  The  wind  blows  very  coldly  to-day. 

4.  He  experienced  great  trouble  of  writing. 

5.  There  was  none  on  whom  I  could  confide. 

6.  The  boy  will  fail,  but  he  don't  seem  to  care  much. 

7.  John  is  equally  wise  as  James. 

8.  Do  like  I  do  if  you  wish  to  succeed. 

9.  The  children  are  into  mischief. 

10.  O!  fairest  flower,  no  sooner  blown  but  blasted.  MILTON. 


74  EXERCISES. 


EXERCISE  XI. 


1.  Then  came  an  immensely  big  grasshopper.     However^ 

2.  he  seated  himself  on  another  rose,  and  rubbed  his  shin- 

3.  bone,  which,  strange  to  say,  is  a  token  of  love  amongst 

4.  grasshoppers.    The  rose  on  which  he  was  seated  did  not 

5.  understand  it,  but  that  with  the  green,  crippled  leaf  did ; 

6.  for  upon  her  the  big  grasshopper  looked  with  eyes  that 

7.  plainly  said,  I  could  eat  thee  from  mere  love. 

Hans  Christain  Andersen. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  selection  ? 

2.  How  many  propositions  ? 

3.  Which  proposition  is  a  simple  sentence  ? 

4.  Which  proposition  is  used  substantively  (like  a  noun)  ? 

5.  Select  a  proposition  used  adjectively  (like  an  adjective). 

6.  Give  the  subject-nominative  of  the  first  sentence. 

7.  Give  the  predicate-verb. 

8.  By  what  is  "grasshopper  "  modified  ? 

9.  What  modifier  has  "  big  "t 

10.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

11.  Give  its  principal  clause. 

12.  Name  the  clause  in  which  "  which  "  is  the  nominative. 

13.  Is  this  clause  adjective  or  adverbial  in  office  ? 

14.  Give  the  antecedent  of  "which/'  third  line. 

15.  What  does  "  amongst  grasshoppers  "  modify? 

16.  What  part  of  speech  is  "  However' 7 

17.  Classify  "strange.11     18.    To  what  does  it  relate ? 

19.  Classify  "to  say." 

20.  Give  the  rule  for  its  syntactical  relation. 

21.  Classify  the  last  sentence. 


EXERCISES.  75 

22.  Write  the  co-ordinate  propositions  of  this  sentence. 

23.  Select  the  co-ordinate  connective. 

24.  State  what  it  connects. 

25.  Parse  the  word  "on,"  fourth  line. 

26.  Is  "was  seated"  in  the  passive  voice  (passive  verb)  ? 

27.  For  what  does  "it"  stand ? 

28.  What  gender  is  * '  grasshopper ' '  ? 

29.  What  is  the  antecedent  of  "  her"? 

30.  Give  the  person  and  number  of  "said." 

31.  Give  the  verb  of  the  first  proposition  following  "but." 

32.  Is  this  verb  transitive  f 

33.  Give  its  simple  subject. 

34.  Select  a  verb  having  the  emphatic  form. 

35.  In  what  tense  is  this  verb  V 

36.  Select  from  the  sixth  line  an  adjective  and  compare  it. 

37.  Select  from  the  extract  a  verb  in  the  potential  mood. 
38-40.    Give  its  other  tense  forms  in  the  same  mood. 

41.  Change  the  last  proposition  to  its  equivalent  interrogative  form. 

42.  Change  the  same  to  its  equivalent  passive  form. 

43.  What  does  "from  mere  love"  modify  ? 

44.  What  kind  of  conjunction  is  "for"? 

45.  Select  an  auxiliary  verb. 

46.  What  property  (or  modification)  of  the  verb  does  it  determine  ? 

47.  What  does  "upon  her"  modify  ? 

48.  Define  the  first  person.     49.    Define  the  second  person. 
50.  Define  the  third  person.  • 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  illustrating  the  use  of  that  as  a  relative  pro- 
noun. 

2.  That  as  an  adjective  pronoun. 

3.  That  as  a  conjunction. 

4.  That  as  an  adjective. 

5.  Write  a  sentence  having  a  personal  pronoun  referring  to  ante- 
cedents of  different  persons. 

He-write  the  following  sentences,  and  supply  the  proper  relative 
pronouns  in  the  blank  spaces  : 


76  EXERCISES. 

6.  A  faint  tick  was  now  heard  from  tlie  pendulum thus  spoke. 

7.  He  spoke  to  the  crowds saluted  him  from  below. 

8.  The  rose • all  are  praising  is  not  the  rose  for  me. 

9.  He  referred  to  the  ship  and  passengers were  lost. 

10.  This  is  the  sweetest  flower blooms. 

11.  Pitt  was  the  pillar upheld  the  state. 

12.  Are  those  the  same  stars came  out  last  night  ? 

13.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  possessive  relative  pronoun. 

14.  Write  a  complex  sentence  containing  a  relative  pronoun  as  the 
object  of  a  preposition. 

15.  Write  a  compound  sentence  having  a  noun-clause  in  the  object- 
ive case. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  ship  with  all  her  crew  were  lost. 

2.  The  opera  was  real  grand. 

3.  They  will  never  be  no  wiser. 

4.  The  children,  I  fear,  are  lost  between  the  crowd. 

5.  And  so  they  all  perished  with  hunger. 

6.  Neither  the  army  or  navy  was  represented. 

7.  You  look  as  though  you  were  cold. 

8.  The  beaux  of  the  day  used  the  art  of  painting  their  faces,  as 
well  as  the  women. 

9.  What  money  he  had,  that  was  lost. 
10.     Hill  and  dale  doth  boast  thy  blessing. 


EXEBCISE  XXL 


1.  The  boy  stood  on  the  burning  deck, 

2.  Whence  all  but  him  had  fled ; 

3.  The  flame  that  lit  the  battle's  wreck, 

4.  Shone  round  him  o'er  the  dead. 


EXERCISES.  77 

5.  Yet  beautiful  and  bright  he  stood, 

6.  As  born  to  rule  the  storm ; 

7.  A  creature  of  heroic  blood, 

8.  A  proud  though  childlike  form. 

Mrs.  Hemans. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  are  comprised  in  the  two  stanzas? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

3.  Name  its  leading ,  or  principal,  propositions. 
4-5.    Name  the  subordinate  propositions. 

6-7.    What  does  each  subordinate  proposition  modify  ? 

8.  What  part  of  speech  is  the  first  connective  ? 

9.  The  second  one  ? 

10-13.    Give  the  syntactical  office  of  all  the  prepositional  phrases 
in  the  first  stanza. 

14.    Parse  '  *  but. "    15.    Classify  « '  dead. " 
16.    Give  its  gender.     17.    Give  its  number. 

18.  Select  a  participial  adjective. 

19.  Can  this  adjective  be  compared  ? 

20.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  "fled. " 

21.  Of  "shone."    22.    Of  "stood."    23.    Of  "lit" 

24.  Classify  the  last  stanza  (as  a  sentence). 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntactical  office  of  the  following 
elements : 

25.  "Yet";  26.  "beautiful";   27.  "and";       28.  "bright"; 
29.  "stood";         30.  "as";  31.  "born";      32.  "to  rule"; 
33.  "creature";  34.  "heroic";         35.  "proud";   36.  "though"; 

37.  "childlike". 

38.  In  what  mood  is  "  had  fled  "?    39.    In  what  tense  ? 

40.  Is  ' '  beautiful "  a  predicate  adjective  ? 

41.  WTiat  word  is  the  object  of  an  infinitive  verb  ? 

42.  Is  "though"  a  co-ordinate,  or  a  subordinate  element? 

43.  Give  the  gender  of  "creature." 

44.  Select  a  simple  word. 

45.  Select  a  derivative  word. 


78  EXERCISES. 

46.  Select  a  word  containing  a  proper  diphthong. 

47.  By  what  is  "  wreck  "  modified  ? 

48.  Define  a  participial  adjective. 

49.  Define  a  numeral  adjective. 

50.  Define  a  pronominal  adjective. 

Synthesis. 

» 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  interrogative  pronoun  in  the 
possessive  case. 

2.  Construct  a  sentence  containing  a  relative  pronoun  having  two 
singular  antecedents  connected  by  or  or  nor. 

3.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  participle  used  as  a  noun. 

4.  A  participle  used  as  an  adjective. 

5.  A  participle  used  as  a  preposition. 

6.  A  participle  used  as  a  conjunction. 

7.  A  participle  used  as  an  adverb. 

8.  A  participle  used  as  attribute,  after  an  intransitive  verb. 

9.  A  participle  having  an  object,  and  at  the  same  time,  modified 
by  a  possessive  noun  or  pronoun. 

10.  A  participle  modified  by  a  possessive  noun  and  an  adverb. 

11.  A  participle  relating  to  a  noun  in  the  nominative  absolute. 

12.  A  participle  relating  to  a  pronoun  in  the  nominative  absolute, 

13.  A  participle  used  abstractly  after  an  infinitive. 

14.  A  simple  participle  used  as  the  object  of  a  preposition. 

15.  The  simple  perfect  participle  changed,  into  an  adjective  by  pre- 
fixing the  syllable  un. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  It  aint  so. 

2.  I  reckon  it  will  rain  to-day. 

8.  There  was  many  giants  in  those  day^. 

4.  I  think,  if  I'm  not  mistaken,  that  it  rained  a  week  ago  to-day 

5.  The  rivers  flow  in  two  opposite  directions. 

6.  Do  you  know  if  it  is  four  o'clock  ? 

7.  I  never  was  as  thirsty  in  my  life. 

8.  Out  of  the  second  term  I  took  out  the  factor  r. 

9.  There  is  ten  cents  for  your  trouble. 

10.    There  are  two  hundred  and  forty-eight  persons  on  board,  fifty 
of  whom  have  swam  ashore.  N.  Y.  HERALD 


EXERCISES.  79 


EXERCISE  XXII. 


On  Linden  when  the  sun  was  low, 
All  bloodless  lay  the  untrodden  snow, 
And  dark  as  winter  was  the  flow 
Of  Iser  rolling  rapidly. 

But  Linden  saw  another  sight, 
When  the  drums  beat  at  dead  of  night, 
Commanding  fires  of  death  to  light 
The  darkness  of  her  scenery. 

Thomas  Campbell. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  stanzas? 

2.  How  many  clauses  ? 

3.  Classify  foe  first  sentence. 

4.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

5.  How  many  principal  clauses  in  the  Exercise  ? 

6.  How  many  subordinate  (or  auxiliary)  clauses  ? 

7-11.    Write  all  the  prepositional  phrases  and  tell  what  each 
modifies. 

12.  Select  a  participial  phrase  from  the  first  stanza. 

13.  What  does  this  phrase  modify  ? 

14.  What  part  of  speech  is  "all"?    15.    Give  its  ^/////<r< . 

16.  Select  from  the  Exercise  an  infinitive  phrase. 

17.  To  what  does  it  belong  ? 

18.  Give  all  the  modifiers  of  "  lay. " 

19.  What  is  the  simple  subject  of  "wax,"  third  line ? 

20.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "low. " 

21.  What  does  it  modify  ? 

22.  To  what  does  "  bloodless  "  belong  ? 

23.  Give  the  simple  subject  of  "  I  ft}/." 


M)  EXERCISES. 

24.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  "  lay." 

25.  Classify  "  dar k."    26.    Give  its  full  syntax. 

27.  Parse  "as,"  giving  the  rule. 

28.  Of  what  verb  is  "'winter"  the  subject  ? 

29.  Select  an  adverb  of  manner  and  compare  it. 

30.  Select  an  adjective  and  compare  it. 

31.  Select  an  abstract  noun. 

32.  What  kind  of  conjunction  is  "  but "  ? 

33.  Of  what  gender  is  "Linden  "  (first  line)? 
3-1.  Give  the  gender  of  "Linden  "  (fifth  line). 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  full  syntactical  office  of  each  of 
the  following  words : 

35.  "Linden,"  line  5;  36.  "another";  37.  "sight"; 

38.  "commanding";  39.  "fires";  40.  "to  light"; 

41.  "darkness";  42.  "scenery." 

43.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  "beat." 

44.  In  what  wood  are  all  the  verbs  of  the  Exercise  ? 

45.  In  what  tense  9 

46.  Give  the  compound  perfect  passive  participle  of  "commanding" 

47.  Change  the  fifth  line  to  its  corresponding  passive  form. 

48.  Define  the  comparative  degree. 

49.  Define  the  superlative  degree. 

50.  Define  a  verb. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  simple  sentence  having  a  transitive  participial  phrase 
as  the  subject  of  the  verb. 

2.  A  sentence  using  the  same  participle  adjectively. 

3.  A  sentence  containing  an  active  transitive  participle,  the  whole 
phrase  being  used  as  the  object  of  a  preposition. 

4.  A  compound  perfect  participle  as  the  object  of  a  preposition. 

5.  A  sentence  with  the  simple  present  participle  used  in  a  passive 
sense. 

6.  A  compound  participle  as  the  object  of  a  verb. 

7.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  infinitive  (verb  in  the  infinitive 
mood),  as  subject-nominative. 

8.  As  predicate-nominative. 

9.  As  object  of  a  verb. 


EXERCISES.  81 

10.  As  object  of  a  preposition. 

11.  As  modifier  of  a  subject-nominative. 

12.  As  modifier  of  a  predicate-nominative. 

13.  As  modifier  of  the  object  of  a  verb. 

14.  As  modifier  of  the  object  of  a  preposition. 

15.  As  modifier  of  a  predicate-adjective.  • 

False  Syntax. 

1.  I,  and  not  he,  is  promoted. 

2.  Homer,  as  well  as  Virgil,  were  once  students  on  the  banks  of 
the  Rhine. 

3.  Every  twig,  eVery  leaf,  and  every  blade  of  grass  teem  with  life. 

4.  We  arrived  at  home  safely. 

5.  From  whence  come  wars  ? 

6.  The  situation  where  he  was  placed  was  very  unfortunate. 

7.  I  only  bring  forward  some  things  (tho'  having  others). 

DEAN  ALFORD. 

8.  Then  falls  huge  heaps  of  hoary-headed  walls.  DYER. 

9.  What  is  twenty-two  poor  years  to  the  finishing  a  lawsuit? 

SWIFT. 
10.    Meteors  may  be  looked  for  if  pleasant.  N.  Y.  TIMES. 


EXERCISE  XXIII. 

1.        She  was  dead.     No  sleep  so  beautiful  and  calm,  so  free 

#.  from  trace  of  pain,  so  fair  to  look  upon.     She  seemed  a 

3  creature  fresh  from  the  hand  of  God,  and  waiting  for  the 

4.  breath  of  life ;  not  one  who  had  lived  and  suffered  death. 

5.  Her  couch  was  dressed  with  here  and  there  some  winter- 

6.  berries  and  green  leaves,  gathered  in  a  spot  she  had  used 

7.  to  favor.     "When  I  die,  put  me  near  something  that  has 

8.  loved  the  light,  and  had  the  sky  above  it  always."     These 

9.  were  her  words.     She  was  dead.     Dear,  gentle,  patient, 
10.  noble  Nell  was  dead. 

Dickens. 


I  EXERCISES. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  expressed  or  implied  in  the  selection  ? 

2.  How  many  simple  sentences  ? 

3.  How  many  complex  sentences  ? 

4.  Name  the  compound  sentence. 

5.  Which  sentence  is  composed  chiefly  of  adjectives  ? 

6.  Which  sentence  has  all  the  parts  of  speech  except  one  ? 

7.  What  pronoun  is  understood  in  one  of  the  sentences  ? 

8.  Select  an  adjective  clause. 

9.  What  does  this  clause  modify  ? 

10.  Select  an  adverbial  clause. 

11.  Select  a  relative  pronoun  in  the  nominative  case. 

12.  Give  its  objective  form. 

13.  Select  a  personal  pronoun  in  the  nominative  case. 

14.  Give  its  objective  form. 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  full  syntax  of  the  following  words: 

15.  "Dead";         16    "sleep",         17.  "beautiful";  18.  "upon"; 
19.  "seemed";     20.  "creature";  21.  "fresh";         22.  "waiting"; 
23.  "not";  24.  "one";  25.  "who";  26.  "death"; 
27.  "her";            28.  "couch";       29.  "here";          30.  "leaves"; 
31.  "gathered";  32.  "when";        33.  "put";            34.  "near"; 
35.  "that";          36.  "above";        37.  "always";     38.  "Nell." 


39.  In  what  tense  is  "  A«eZ  Ifved  "f 

40.  In  what  tense  is  the  verb  in  the  ninth  line  ? 

41.  Select  a  perfect  (past)  participle. 

42.  Select  a  verb  having  the  passive  form. 

43.  Is  "  to  favor"  transitive  ? 

44.  Select  a  predicate-nominative. 

45.  What  mood  is  used  throughout  the  Exercise  ? 

46.  Why  is  one  of  the  sentences  enclosed  with  quotation  marks  ? 

47.  How  many  more  propositions  than  clauses  in  the  Exercise  ? 

48.  Define  a  verb.     49.    Define  a  regular  verb. 
50.  Define  an  irregular  verb. 


EXERCISES.  83 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  infinitive  (verb  in  the  infinitive 
mood)  as  the  object  of  a  participle. 

2.  As  the  object  of  another  infinitive. 

,3.  A  participle  as  the  object  of  an  infinitive. 

4.  A  noun -infinitive  as  an  appositive  of  the  subject. 

5.  An  infinitive  depending  (by  ellipsis)  on  a  conjunction. 

6.  An  infinitive  depending  on  an  adverb. 

7.  An  infinitive  of  purpose  depending  on  a  verb. 

8.  An  infinitive  used  independently. 

9.  Two  infinitives  used  as  joint  subject  of  a  verb. 

10.  A   perfect  infinitive  passive  voice   (infinitive  mood,    perfect, 
passive). 

11.  A  present  infinitive  progressive,  transitive. 

12.  An  infinitive  with  to  omitted. 

13.  An  infinitive  taking  a  clause  as  its  object. 

14.  Write  a  compound  imperative  sentence. 

1 5.  Write  a  complex  interrogative  sentence. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  It  is  his  virtues,  and  not  his  wealth,  that  gives  him  honor. 

2.  It  seems  very  strangely. 

3.  The  maskers  were  nearly  dressed  alike. 

4.  He  only  spoke  to  me,  not  you. 

5.  They  studied  the  lesson  only,  but  did  not  learn  it. 

6.  He  very  seldom  or  ever  does  so. 

7.  The  man  almost  lost  all  his  money. 

8.  He  told  us  how  that  time  is  money. 

9.  I  cannot  predicate  what  may  hereafter  happen. 

10.    A  man  does  not  lose  his  mother  now  in  the  papers. 

DEAN  ALFORD. 


84 


EXERCISES. 


EXERCISE  XXIY. 


1.  Insist  on  yourself;  never  imitate.     Your  own  gift  you 

2.  can  present  every  moment  with  the  cumulative  force  of 

3.  a  whole  life's  cultivation ;  but  of  the  adopted  talent  of 
.   4.  another,  you  have  only  an  extemporaneous,  half  posses- 

5.  sion.     That  which  each  can  do  best,  none  but  his  Maker 

6.  can   teach  him.     No  man  yet  knows  what  it  is,  nor  can, 

7.  till  that  person  has  exhibited  it.     Where  is  the  master 

8.  who  con  Id  have  taught  Shakespeare?     Every  great  man 

9.  is  a  unique. 

Ralph  Waldo  Emerson. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  selection  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence.     3.    Classify  the  second. 
4.  Classify  the  third.     5.    Classify  the  fourth. 

6-31.    Write  each  subject-nominative  (expressed  or  understood) 
and  immediately  thereafter  give  the  predicate-verb  agreeing  with  it. 

32.  Give  the  mood  of  the  first  verb  of  the  Exercise. 

33.  Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  the  third  verb. 

,     34.  Give  the  tense  of  the  verb  in  the  fourth  line. 

35.  Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  the  verb  in  the  eighth  line. 

36.  Express  the  meaning  of  "that  which  "  by  one  word. 

37.  Compare  "best." 

38.  Give  the  syntax  of  "  but"  fifth  line. 

39.  What  does  "nor"  connect? 

40.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  syntax  of  "  that"  fifth  line. 

41.  Of  "which."    42.    Of  "  i chat."    43.    Of  "moment." 
44.  For  what  does  "it"  stand? 


EXERCISES.  85 

45.  What  clauses  are  connected  by  "till"? 

46.  What  part  of  speech  is  "unique  "? 

47.  Select  a  verb  in  the  present  perfect  tense  ? 

48.  Define  a  conjunction.         49.    Define  synopsis. 
50.  Define  a  transitive  verb. 

Synthesis. 

Write  in  separate  sentences,  and  underscore  the  following  elements: 

1.  A  regular  verb.       2.    An  irregular  verb. 

3.  A  redundant,  verb.     4.    A  defective  verb. 

5.  A  transitive  verb.     6.    An  intransitive  verb. 

7.  An  auxiliary  verb  expressing  emphasis. 

8.  A  principal  verb  and  two  auxiliaries. 

9.  A  principal  verb  and  three  auxiliaries. 

10.  A  verb  in  the  passive  voice. 

11.  A  verb  in  the  active  form,  but  having  a  passive  meaning. 

12.  A  verb  in  the  passive  form,  but  not  passive  in  meaning. 

13.  A  verb  in  the  indicative  present. 

14.  A  verb  in  the  potential  past. 

15.  A  verb  in  the  imperative  mood. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  He  said  nothing  farther  about  the  matter. 

2.  The  soldier  almost  died  for  thirst. 

3.  I  cannot  deny  but  what  he  is  honest. 

4.  I  always  have,  and  always  shall  be  an  admirer  of  Poe. 

5.  It  was  no  other  but  his  own  brother. 

6.  Do  you  hear  the  whistle  to  blow  ? 

7.  I  have  not  resigned,  nor  do  I  intend  to. 

8.  I  intended  to  have  done  it  yesterday. 

9.  I  seen  the  other  boy,  a  throwing  the  stone. 

10.    He  had  broke  the  ice  in  the  bucket.  MAGAZINE. 


8(>  EXEKOISES. 


EXERCISE  XXY. 


1.  Beside  yon  straggling  fence  that  skirts  the  way 

2.  With  blossomed  furze  unprofitably  gay, 

3.  There,  in  his  noisy  mansion,  skilled  to  rule, 

4.  The  village  master  taught  his  little  school. 

5.  A  man  severe  he  was  and  stern  to  view, 

6.  I  knew  him  well,  and  every  truant  knew ; 

7.  Well  had  the  boding  tremblers  learned  to  trace 

8.  The  day's  disasters  in  his  morning  face ; 

9.  Full  well  they  laughed  with  counterfeited  glee 

10.  At  all  his  jokes,  for  many  a  joke  had  he ; 

11.  Full  well  the  busy  whisper  circling  round, 

12.  Conveyed  the  dismal  tidings  when  he  frowned. 

Goldsmith. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  extract? 

2.  Classify  the  first  one. 

3.  Name  its  principal  clause. 

4.  Name  the  entire  principal  subject  of  this  sentence. 

5.  Name  the  entire  principal  predicate. 

6.  Give  the  subject-nominative  and  the  predicate-verb  of  the 
principal  clause. 

7.  Give  the  same  of  the  dependent  clause. 

8.  Give  all  the  modifiers  of  "fence." 

9.  Classify  the  last  sentence. 

10.  How  many  co-ordinate  propositions  has  it  ? 

11.  Name  one  not  co-ordinate. 

12.  How  many  propositions  has  this  sentence  ? 

13.  How  many  clauses  ? 


EXERCISES.  87 

14.  Is  a  clause  always  a  proposition  ? 

15.  Is  a  proposition  always  a  clause  ? 

16.  Is  the  clause  in  line  10,  co-ordinate,  or  subordinate  f 

17.  Select  a  conjunctive  adverb,  and  state  what  it  connects. 

18.  Give  all  the  modifiers  of  "jokes." 

19.  Give  its  modifications,  or  properties. 

20.  Of  what  number  and  gender  is  "  school"? 

Classify  and  give  the  syntactical  office  of  the  following  elements: 

21.  "Beside";  %l."yon";  %5."with";  Z±."gay"; 
25.  "there";      26.  "in,"  line  3;  27. "skilled  to  rule";  2$."man"; 
29.  "stern";      30, "to  view";      31.  "well,"  line  7;        32.  "to  frrace"/ 
33.  "/w«";        34. "/ofce";           35. "well,"  line  11;      36. "circling." 

37.  Designate  a  verb  having  its  object  suppressed. 

38.  By  vrb&i  figure  of  speech  is  this  omission  known  ? 

39.  Supply  the  omitted  word. 

40.  What  is  the  tense  of  "  had,"  line  10  ? 

41.  What  mood  is  used  throughout  the  extract  ? 

42.  Name  the  tenses  represented. 

43.  Represent  the  phonetic  spelling  of  "busy." 

44.  Expand  "  circling  round"  into  a  clause. 

45.  Change  line  4  into  its  corresponding  passive  form. 

46.  Is  "many  a"  &  singular  or  &  plural  expression? 

47.  Select  a  word  having  a  prefix  and  a  suffix. 

48.  Select  a  noun  having  no  singular  form. 

49.  Define  mood.     50.    Define  voice. 

Synthesis. 

Write  separate  sentences  embracing, 

1.  A  verb  in  the  indicative  present. 

2.  In  the  potential  present. 

3.  In  the  indicative  past,  emphatic  form. 

4.  In  the  subjunctive  present. 

5.  In  the  indicative  present  perfect. 

6.  In  the  potential  past. 

7.  In  the  indicative  past  perfect. 

8.  In  the  potential  present  perfect,  passive  form. 

9.  In  the  indicative  future,  progressive  form. 


88  EXERCISES. 

10.  Iii  the  subjunctive  past. 

11.  In  the  potential  past  perfect. 

1.2.    In  the  indicative  future  perfect,  ancient  form. 

13.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  perfect  infinitive. 

14.  One  having  the  compound  perfect  passive  participle  of  recite. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  intransitive  verb  made  passive 
by  combination  with  a  preposition. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Take  such  specimens  as  seems  proper. 

2.  Three  and  three  are  six,  and  one  is  seven. 

3.  How  are  each  of  the  pronouns  classified  ? 

4.  Time  flies,  whether  we  take  heed  or  no. 

5.  Canteens  were  issued  to  the  soldiers  with  short  necks. 

6.  This  will  be  in  accordance  to  your  ideas. 

7.  We  should  be  more  anxious  to  practice  charity  than  of  boasting 
of  it, 

8.  I  do  not  doubt  but  he  will  succeed. 

9.  A  boy  with  a  ripe  watermelon  don't  speculate  much  on  the  con- 
servation of  energy.  NEWSPAPER. 

10.    Sometimes  the  editors  of  our  papers  fall  from  ignorance  into 
absurd  mistakes.  DEAN  ALFORD. 


EXERCISE  XXVI. 


1.  How  beautiful  this  night!  the  balmiest  sigh 

2.  Which  vernal  zephyrs  breathe  in  evening's  ear, 
o.  Were  discord  to  the  speaking  quietude 

4.  That  wraps  this  moveless  scene.     Heaven's  ebon  vault 

5.  Studded  with  stars  unutterably  bright 

6.  Through  which  the  moon's  unclouded  grandeur  rolls, 

7.  Seems  like  a  canopy  which  love  has  spread 

8.  Above  a  sleeping  world. 

Shelley. 


EXERCISES.  89* 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  extract  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence  ? 

3.  How  many  propositions  in  the  first  sentence  ? 

4.  Give  the  first  proposition  of  the  extract. 

5.  Name  all  the  modifiers  of  "  sigh." 

6.  Name  all  the  modifiers  of  "quietude." 

7.  What  is  the  object  of  "  breathe  "? 

8.  Select  an  adjective  in  the  superlative  degree. 

9.  Give  the  mood  of  "were."    10.    Give  its  tense. 
11.  Classify  "discord."     12.    Give  its  syntax. 

13.  Give  its  person  and  number. 

14.  Can  "moveless"  be  compared? 

15.  Classify  the  last  sentence. 

16.  Give  the  subject-nominative  and  the  predicate-verb  of  its  prin- 
cipal proposition. 

17-18.    What  does  each  subordinate  clause  modify  f 

19.  Give  all  the  modifiers  of  "vault." 

20.  Give  the  entire  predicate  of  the  principal  proposition. 

21.  Select  an  adverbial  phrase. 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  the  following  words  : 

22.  "studded";  23.  "with";        24.  " unutterably ";  25.  "bright"; 
26.  "through";  27.  "moon's";  28.  "like";  29.  "above." 

30.  Give  the  gender  of  "world." 

31.  Is  "world"  singular,  or  plural? 

32.  Of  what  gender  is  "moon's  "? 

33.  Give  the  degree  of  comparison  of  "  bright." 

34-38.    Give  the  other  tense  forms,  same  mood,  of  "has  spread." 

39.  What  words  might  take  the  place  of  "'were  "? 

40.  In  what  mood  would  the  verb  then  be  ? 

41.  Give  the  plural  possessive  of  "  canopy." 

42.  What  kind  of  adverb  is  "  how  "? 

43.  Select  an  adjective  singular  number. 

44.  Change  the  last  proposition  to  fche  corresponding  passive  form.. 

45.  Select  a  word  having  a  proper  diphthong. 


90  EXERCISES. 

46.  Select  two  words,  each  having  three  liquids. 

47.  Is  "  w"  a  vowel,  or  a  consonant,  in  "  ivraps  ? 

48.  Define  the  potential  mood.     49.    Define  tense. 
50.  Define  a  co-ordinate  connective. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  in  which  the  verb  agrees  with  two  singular 
subjects  connected  by  and. 

2.  With  two  singular  subjects  connected  by  or  or  nor. 

3.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  adverb  of  time. 

4.  An  adverb  of  place.     5.    Of  degree.     6.    Of  manner. 
7.    Of  affirmation.     8.    Of  negation.     9.    Of  doubt. 

10.    Of  cause.     11.    An  adverb  modifying  a  predicate  adjective. 
12.    Modifying  a  passive  verb.     13.    Another  adverb. 
14.    Modifying  a  phrase.     15.    A.  proposition. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  girl  could  not  spin,  but  desired  to  be  taught  very  much. 

2.  I  was  to  Boston  last  week. 

3.  Who  is  there  in  whom  I  can  rely  ? 

4.  Kid  yourself  from  such  bad  habits. 

5.  The  tax  on  tea  was  nothing  else  but  robbery. 

6.  Few  cities  are  as  grand  as  Paris. 

7.  He  cannot  either  read  nor  write. 

8.  The  oath  was  administered  to  such  persons  that  were  elected. 

9.  We  speak  that  we  do  know. 

10.    A  dangerous  cow  tossed  several  persons,  and  also  plunged  and 
tossed  about  the  street  in  a  formidable  manner.  NEWSPAPER. 


EXERCISES.  91 


EXERCISE^  XXYII. 

When  it  was  winter  and  the  snow  lay  all  around,  white 
and  sparkling,  a  hare  would  often  come  jumping  along  and 
spring  right  over  the  little  fir-tree.  Oh!  this  made  him  so 
angry.  But  two  winters  went  by,  and  when  the  third  came? 
the  little  tree  had  grown  so  tall  that  the  hare  was  obliged  to 
run  round  it. 


Analysis. 

1.  State  the  number  of  sentences  in  the  Exercise. 

2.  Give  the  last  word  with  which  each  proposition  ends. 

3.  How  many  propositions  in  all  ?    4.    How  many  clauses  ? 

5.  Give  the  principal  proposition  of  the  first  period. 

6.  Give  the  simple  subject  of  this  proposition. 

7.  Give  the  entire  predicate. 

8.  Name  the  co-ordinate  connective  in  the  first  sentence. 

9.  Name  the  subordinate  connective.     10.    Classify  the  last  sen- 
tence. 

11.  Give  its  co-ordinate  propositions.  12.  Give  its  subordinate 
propositions. 

13.  Give  the  co-ordinate  connective.  14.  What  propositions  does 
it  join  ? 

15.    Give  the  subordinate  connectives. 

16-17.    What  does  eachjom? 

18.  What  is  the  syntactical  office  of  "  but"? 

19.  Select  from  the  Exercise  an  adverbial  phrase. 

20.  What  does  it  modify  ? 

21.  Select  a  cardinal  numeral  adjective. 

22.  An  ordinal  numeral.     23.    A  predicate-nominative. 
24.   A  subject-nominative.     25.    An  object  of  a  preposition. 
26.    Of  what  gender  is  '  '  hare  "  ?    27.   '  [fir-tree  "  f 

28.    What  word  is  without  syntax  f 


?»  EXERCISFS. 

29.  Give  the  four  principal  parts  of  "  lay." 

30.  Of  "come."    31.  Of  "was."    32.  Of  "run."    33.   Of  "went." 
34,   What  part  of  speech  is  "all"?    35.    What  does  it  modify  ? 

36.  What  part  of  speech  is  "  spar  Jd  ing  "? 

37.  What  does  it  modify  ? 

38.  What  part  of  speech  is  "jumping"  ? 

39.  Give  its  full  syntax  as  here  used. 

40.  What  part  of  speech  is  ' < righ t"? 

41.  What  does  it  modify  ?    42.    Classify  ' '  along. " 

43.  What  does  it  modify  $ 

44.  What  derivative  noun  may  be  formed  from  "right"? 

45.  Select  a  verb  having  the  passive  form. 

46.  Change  the  last  line  to  an  interrogative  proposition  with  same 
mood  and  tense. 

47.  Change  "But  two  winters  went  by  "  to  the  corresponding  par- 
ticipial construction. 

48.  Define  a  conjunctive  adverb. 

49.  Define  an  adverb  of  place. 

50.  Define  an  adverb  of  manner. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  conjunctive  adverb  referring  to 
time. 

2.  A  conjunctive  adverb  referring  to  place. 

3.  A  conjunctive  adverb  referring  to  manner. 

4.  A  conjunctive  adverb  connecting  its  clause  to  a  preceding  noun. 

5.  A  conjunctive  adverb  connecting  a  noun-clause  in  the  objective 
case,  to  the  predicate  of  the  principal  proposition. 

6.  Compose  a  sentence  having  an  interrogative  adverb. 

7.  Having  an  adverb  used  independently. 

8.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  dissyllabic  adverb. 

9.  A  trisyllabic  adverb.     10.    A  polysyllabic  adverb. 

11.  An  adverb  derived  from  an  adjective. 

12.  An  adverb  derived  from  a  noun. 

13.  An  adverb  used  in, the  comparative  degree. 

14.  An  adverb  used  in  the  superlative  degree. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  using  the  word  "there"  but  not  as  an  adrcrl* 
of  place. 


EXERCISES.  93 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Which  of  the  two  girls  was  the  oldest  ? 

2.  It  never  would  have  availed  nothing. 

3.  The  mouth  of  a  river  is  where  it  empties  itself  into  some  other 
body  of  water. 

4.  She  told  us  they  wore  black  ruchings  a  good  deal  now. 

5.  She  has  always  been  just  so,  ever  since  I  knew  her. 

6.  That  wouldn't  hardly  do. 

7.  Has  the  last  school-bell  of  the  morning  rang  ? 

8.  The  two  girls  are  of  about  the  same  age. 

9.  I  was  one  day  sitting  on  a  log  when  I  nearly  fell  to  sleep. 

10.    I  remember  when  the  French  band  of  the  "  Guides  "  were  in 
this  country  reading  in  the  Illustrated  News.  DEAN  AL.FORD. 


EIERCISE  IIYIII. 

1.  On  that  pleasant  day  of  the  early  fall, 

2.  When  Lee  marched  over  the  mountain  wall, 

3.  Over  the  mountains  winding  down, 

4.  Horse  and  foot  into  Frederick  town, 

5.  Forty  flags  with  their  crimson  bars, 

6.  Flapped  in  the  morning  wind ;  the  sun 

7.  Of  noon  looked  down  and  saw  not  one. 

Whittier. 

Analysis. 

1.  Classify  the  above  sentence. 

2.  How  many  clauses  has  it  ? 

3.  Give  the  predicate-verb  of  the  first  co-ordinate  clause. 

4.  Give  the  simple  subject  of  the  second  co-ordinate  clause. 

5.  Name  the  dependent  clause. 

(>.    Give  its  connective.     7.    What  does  this  clause  modify  ? 


94  EXERCISES. 

8.  Which  lines  contain  no  verb  ? 

9.  Which  line  contains  a  present  participle  / 

10.  Parse  "on,"  syntactically. 

11.  What  kind  of  adjective  is  "  that "? 

12.  Give  its  plural  form. 

13.  Compare  *'  pleasant"  by  prefixes. 

14.  Compare  "  early  "  by  suffixes. 

15.  What  part  of  speech  is  "  ivhen  "? 

16.  Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  "  marched.'' 

17.  Has  this  verb  voice  ? 

18.  Give  your  reason  for  your  answer  to  the  above. 

19.  Parse  "  over"  third  line. 

20.  What  kind  of  phrase  is  "  winding  down  "  as  to  form  f 

21.  As  to  its  use  or  office  ? 

22.  What  part  of  speech  is  "  doivn  "? 

23.  As  what  other  part  of  speech  is  "  down  "  frequently  used  ? 

24.  Of  what  gender  is  "  horse  "? 

25.  Of  what  number  ?    26.    In  what  case  ? 

27.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  "foot"  as  here  used ? 

28.  Give  the  plural  possessive  of  "foot." 

29.  Parse  "into."    30.    Classify  "Frederick." 

31.  What  kind  of  adjective  is  "forty  "? 

32.  What  verb  has  a  compound  subject  ? 

33.  What  subject  has  a  compound  predicate  ? 

34.  Classify  "owe."    35.    Give  its  syntax. 

36.  What  does  "not"  modify? 

37.  Select  an  adjective  phrase. 

38.  Select  an  adverbial  phrase. 

39.  Can  "crimson"  be  compared? 

40.  In  what  mood  are  all  the  verbs  ? 

41.  In  what  tense  ? 

42.  Is  "  looked"  transitive  / 

43.  Change  the  verb  in  the  second  line  to  the  form  of  the  future 
perfect  tense. 

44.  Change  the  last  proposition  to  the  corresponding  interrogative 
form. 

45.  Give  the  rule  for  doubling  the  " p  "  in  "flapped." 

46.  Select  a  word  having  three  liquids. 


EXERCISES.  95 

47.  What  is  the  singular  nominative  of  the  pronoun   "their"  as 
used  in  the  Exercise  ? 

48.  Define  mood.     49.    Define  a  defective  verb. 
50.    Define  an  auxiliary  verb. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  adverb  modifying  a  participle. 

2.  An  adverb  modifying  an  infinitive. 

3.  Construct  a  sentence  containing  a  preposition  having  a  coin- 
pound  object. 

4.  A  sentence  having  a  complex  (or  compound)  preposition. 

5.  Write  a  sentence  having  a  preposition  following  its  objective 
noun. 

6.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  preposition  whose  antecedent 
term  of  relation  is  a  proper  noun. 

1.    Whose  antecedent  term  is  an  adjective. 

8.  Whose  antecedent  term  is  an  adverb. 

9.  Whose  antecedent  term  is  a  pronoun. 

10.  Whose  subsequent  term  (object)  is  an  abstract  noun. 

11.  Whose  subsequent  term  is  a  relative  pronoun. 

12.  Whose  subsequent  term  is  a  transitive  infinitive. 

13.  Whose  subsequent  term  is  a  participial  noun. 

14.  Whose  subsequent  term  is  a  clause. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  containing  two  prepositions  governing  the 
same  substantive. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  I  cannot  by  no  means  accept  your  kind  offer. 

2.  They  did  not  differ  so  much  with  each  other  in  the  beginning. 

3.  Every  little  girl  of  the  party  was  dressed  alike. 

4.  We  cannot  succeed  without  we  try. 

5.  When  will  you  get  done  with  it  ? 

6.  It  was  done  in  a  quiet  sort  of  a  way. 

7.  What  have  you  got  here  ? 

8.  Proportion  is  simple  and  compound. 

9.  Forbid  the  children  enter  the  room. 

10.    The  Greeks  fearing  to  be  surrounded   on  all  sides,  wheeled 
about  and  halted,  with  the  river  on  their  backs.  GOLDSMITH. 


96  EXERCISES. 


•  ) 


EXERCISE  XXII. 


Scaling  yonder  peak 
I  saw  an  eagle  wheeling  near  its  brow ; 
O'er  the  abyss,  his  broad  expanding  wings 

4.  Lay  calm  and  motionless  upon  the  air, 

5.  As  if  he  floated  there  without  their  aid, 
0.    '     By  the  sole  act  of  his  unlorded  will. 

7.  That  buoyed  him  proudly  up.     Instinctively 

8.  I  bent  my  bow,  yet  kept  he  rounding  still 

9.  His  airy  circle,  as  in  the  delight 

10.  Of  measuring  the  ample  range  beneath, 

11.  And  round  about;  absorbed,  he  heeded  not 

12.  The  death  that  threatened  him.     I  could  not  shoot. 

13.  'Twas  liberty.     I  turned  my  bow  aside, 

14.  And  let  him  soar  away.  Knowles. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  extract  ? 

2.  Name  the  simple  sentences. 

3.  What  kind  are  those  not  simple  ? 

4.  What  is  the  entire  subject  of  the  first  proposition  ? 

5.  What  is  the  entire  predicate  ? 

6.  What  are  the  first  three  words  together  called  ? 

7.  Expand  them  into  a  proposition  equivalent  in  meaning. 

8.  What  would  the  proposition  so  formed  modify  ? 

9.  Expand  "wheeling  near  its  brow  "  into  an  equivalent  proposi- 
tion. 

10.  Would  this  proposition  be  adjective  or  adverbial  in  office  ? 

11.  What  does  " o'er  the  abyss"  modify? 

12.  Give  the  syntax  of  "motionless."     13.    Of  "  upon  the  air" 


EXERCISES.  97 

14.  Give  the  connective  of  the  second  and  third  clauses. 

15.  What  does  the  phrase  in  the  fifth  line  modify  ? 

16.  What  are  the  modifiers  of  "  will  "f 

17.  Give  the  antecedent  of  "his."    18.    Of  "their." 

19.  Give  the  syntax  of  '•  proudly." 

20.  Give  the  syntax  of  the  last  clause  of  the  first  sentence. 

21.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

22.  Can  "  motionless  "  be  compared  with  propriety  ? 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  the  following  words  : 

23.  "Instinctively";  24.  "yet";  25.  "rounding";  26.  "still"; 
27.  "circle";          .    28.  "delight";    29.  "as,"  ninth  line; 

30.  "measuring";    31.  "beneath";  32.  "round";       33.  "about"; 
34.  "absorbed";        35.  "that";         36.  "soar";  37.  "aside"; 

38.  In  what  fe/ise  are  all  the  verbs  ? 

39.  Select  a  verb  in  the  potential  mood. 

40-42.    Give  its  other  tense-forms  of  the  same  mood. 

43.  Give  the  subject  of  "soar,"  if  it  has  one. 

44.  Change  "'Twas  liberty"  to  the  corresponding  interrogative- 
negative  form. 

45.  Classify  the  letters  in  "away"  as  vowel,  or  consonant. 

46.  What  rule,  remark,  or  note  applies  to  "soar"? 

47.  Give  the  rules  for  the  capitals  of  the  Exercise. 

48.  Define  the  imperative  mood. 

49.  Define  the  preseni  tense. 

50.  Define,  or  tell  how  the  passive  form  of  a  verb  is  made. 

Synthesis. 

Write  separate  sentences  illustrating  the  use  of  conjunctions,  as 
follows : 

1.  A  co-ordinate  (copulative)  conjunction. 

2.  A  subordinate  conjunction. 

3".  A  co-ordinate  conjunction  joining  two  nouns. 

4.  The  same  joining  two  pronouns. 

5.  The  same  joining  two  adjectives. 

6.  The  same  joining  two  adverbs. 

7.  A  conjunction  joining  two  prepositional  phrases. 

8.  A  conjunction  joining  two  participial  phrases. 

9.  A  conjunction  joining  two  infinitive  phrases. 


98  EXERCISES. 

10.  A  conjunction  joining  two  complex  phrases. 

11.  A  conjunction  joining  two  compound  phrases. 

12.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  corresponsive  conjunction. 

13.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  "both and,"  as  corre- 
sponsive conjunctions. 

14.  A  compound  sentence  containing  the   correlatives  "not  only 
but  also." 

15.  Write  a  complex  sentence  using  the  correlatives  "so that." 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  difference  in  the  two  brothers  was  slight. 

2.  They  were  expelled  the  society. 

3.  What  went  you  out  for  to  see  ? 

4.  I  was  afraid  lest  he  would  not  come. 

5.  This  book  is  preferable  and  cheaper  than  the  other. 

6.  There  is  no  doubt  but  the  earth  is  spherical. 

7.  The  river  banks  are  much  overflown. 

8.  It  was  a  jewel  fair  and  sat  in  gold. 

9.  The  traveler  by  this  time  had  took  his  seat  by  the  lady. 

10.    When  I  hear  a  person  use  a  queer  expression,  or  pronounce  a 
name  in  reading  differently  from  his  neighbors,  it  always  goes  down, 

in  my  estimation  of  him  with  a  minus  sign  before  it. 

ALFORD. 


EXERCISE  XXX. 


1.  Two  boys  would  play  at  chess.     As  there  was  a  knight 

2.  short,  they  put  a  mark  upon  a  pawn,  and  so  made  a  knight 

3.  of  him.     "Hey,"  exclaimed  the  other  knights,  "where  do 

4.  you  come  from,  Mr.  Clodhopper?"     The   boys  heard  the 

5.  scoff.     "Hold  your  tongues,"  said  they,  "does  he  not  per- 

6.  form  for  us  just  the  same  service  as  you  do  ?" 

From  the  German. 


EXERCISES.  99 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  selection? 

2.  How  many  propositions  ? 

3.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

4.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

5.  Select  a  declarative  proposition. 

6.  An  imperative  proposition. 

7.  An  interrogative  proposition. 

8.  Give  the  entire  or  logical  predicate  of  the  second  sentence. 

9.  Give  the  entire  or  logical  subject  of  the  third  sentence. 

10.  Select  a  clause  used  as  a  noun. 

11.  Give  the  case  of  this  clause. 

12.  Select  an  adjective  clause,  if  there  is  one. 

13.  What  part  of  speech  is  "  hey  "? 

14.  Abridge   "As  there  iva*   a  knight  short"  into  its  equivalent 
participial  construction. 

15.  Change  "The  boys  heard  the  scoff"  to  its  equivalent  passive 
form. 

16.  Give  the  principal  proposition  of  the  last  sentence. 

17.  What  is  the  syntactical  office  of  "  same"? 

State  whether  the  following  phras.es  are  adjective  or  adverbial  in 
office,  and  on  what  each  depends : 

18.  "at  chess";  19.  "upon  a  pawn";  20.  "of  him";  21.  "for  us." 

Mention  the  part  of  speech  and  give  the  syntactical  office  of  each 
of  the  following  words  : 

22.  "As"    first  line;        23.  "there";       24.  "short";      25.  "so"; 

26.  "where";  27.  "from";        28.  "as"  sixth  line; 

29.  "knight"  first  line;  30.  "hold";         31.  "just." 

32.  Of  what  person  and  number  is  "  hold  "  ? 

33.  In  what  mood  is  "  would  play  "  ? 

34.  In  what  tense? 

35.  What  feminine  terms  correspond  to  "  Mr."  f 

36.  In  what  case  is  "Mr.  Clodhopper"? 

37.  What  gender  is  * «  knight "  ? 

38.  What  gender  is  "you"  last  line  ? 

39.  Give  the  gender  of  "pawn."  ^S^P^^Gff  ' 


100  EXERCISES. 

40.  Give  the  number  of  "you"  third  line. 

41.  Represent  the  spelling  of  "  tongues1'  by  its  elementary  sounds. 

42.  Select  a  word  from  the  first  line  containing  a  proper  diphthong. 

43.  Is  "  y  "  a  vowel,  or  a  consonant  in  "  boys  "? 

44.  Is  "  w  "  a  vowel,  or  a  consonant  in  "  ivhere"? 

45.  What  letters  represent  the  sound  of  "  x."  in  "  exclaimed"? 

46.  Form  a  derivative  word  from  "  scoff." 

47.  Form  an  abstract  noun  from  "just." 

48.  Define  the  nominative  case. 

49.  Define  the  possessive  case. 

50.  Define  the  objective  case. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  having  as  connecting  words  in  apposition. 

2.  Write  a  simple  sentence  with  "  neither nor  "  as  correlatives. 

3.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  conditional  clause. 

4.  One  containing  a  causal  proposition. 

5.  One  containing  a  concessive  proposition. 

6.  Write  a  sentence  of  two  clauses  connected  by  whether. 

7.  Combine  into  a  sentence  two  clauses  connected  by  seeing. 

8.  Two  clauses  connected  by  notwithstanding. 

9.  Give  an  example  of  a  sentence  having  two  clauses  subordi- 
nately  connected. 

10.  Give  one  whose  members  are  co-ordinately  connected. 

11.  Connect  two  members  of  a  compound  sentence  by  an  adversa- 
tive (disjunctive)  conjunction. 

12.  Combine  in  a  sentence  "  if then." 

13.  Construct  a  sentence  containing  a  conjunction  merely  introduc- 
tory in  office. 

14.  Construct  a  sentence  containing  a  comparative  conjunction. 
10.  Write  a  compound  sentence  containing  four  conjunctions. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  I  have  had  a  letter  wrote  since  yesterday. 

2.  Do  you  prefer  to  sing  or  playing  ? 

3.  I  had  done  the  problem  before  the  teacher  come  in  the  room. 

4.  Try  to  have  learned  your  lesson  before  I  return. 


EXERCISES.  101 

5.  The  tired  lambs  laid  down  to  rest. 

6.  The  old  man  was  setting  in  his  easy  chair. 

7.  Lost,  a  Scotch  terrier,  by  a  gentleman,  with  his  ears  cut  close. 

8.  If  I  was  him,  I  would  certainly  go. 

9.  I  was  just  going  to  go. 

10.    The  loafer  seems  to  be  created  for  no  other  purpose  but  to  keep 
up  the  ancient  order  of  idleness.  IRVING. 


EXERCISE  XXXI. 

1.  "  Let  the  poison  be  prepared,  for  it  is  best  not  to  linger." 

2.  Crito  asked :  "  How  should  you  like  to  have  us  bury  you  ? " 

3.  Socrates  replied  with  a  smile :  "  Anyway  you  wish — if  you 

4.  can  only  get  hold  of  me.    Have  I  not  shown  you,  Crito, 

5.  that  I  who  have  been  talking  to  you,  am  not  the  other 

6.  Socrates  who  will  soon  be  a  dead  body?     Do  not  say,  then, 

7.  at  my  funeral,  ( Let  us  bury  Socrates/  for  such  words  are 

8.  not  only  false,  but  they  infect  the  soul  with  evil." 

Socrates. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  extract  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

3.  Which  is  its  principal  clause  ? 

4.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

5.  Which  clause  is  used  substantively  ? 

6.  Give  the  entire  predicate  of  the  second  sentence. 

7.  Classify  the  third  sentence. 

8.  Give  the  simple  subject  and  predicate  of  its  principal  clause. 

9.  Select  a  phrase  expressing  manner. 

10.  Classify  the  fourth  sentence. 

11.  How  many  clauses  has  it  ? 

12.  Name  its  leading  or  principal  clause. 

13.  Which  one  is  substantive  in  office  ? 


102  EXERCISES. 

14.  Name  the  ones  that  are  subordinate. 

15.  State  whether  they  are  adjective,  or  adverbial  in  office. 

16.  What  is  the  direct  object  of  "  have  shown  "? 

17.  Select  a  noun  used  independent!  >/. 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  the  following  words  : 

18.  "Let";   19.  "be  prepared" ;   20.  "for";  21.  "to  linger"; 
22.  "hoiv";  23.  "to  /i-a-yc";            24.  "bury";            25.  "anyway"; 
26.  "'*/";      27.  "AofcT/     28.  ' tyow, "  fourth  line ;     29.  "toa<"; 

30.  "who"  fifth  line;  31.  "Socrates"  sixth  line;  32.  "who"  sixth  line; 
33.  "body";  34.  "then";     35.  "bury,"  7th  line  ;     36.  "/or,"  6th  line. 

37.  What  is  the  syntax  of  the  clause  "?/ow  i^is^  "? 

38.  In  what  mood  is  the  y?rs£  ver6  of  the  Exercise  ? 

39.  Select  a  verb  in  the  potential  past. 

40.  Select  a  verb  in  the  present  perfect  tense. 

41.  Select  a  verb  progressive  form. 

42.  Select  a  conditional  conjunction. 

43.  Give  the  complete  connective  of  the  last  two  clauses. 

44.  Select  a  verb  in  the  potential  present. 

45.  Decline  "other." 

46.  Change  the  last  proposition  so  that  the  verb  shall  be  in   the 
potential  past  perfect  and  in  the  progressive  form. 

47.  Select  a  predicate-nominative  and  decline  the  same. 

48.  Define  the  passive  voice. 

49.  Define  the  present  perfect  tense. 

50.  Define  person  and  number  as  applied  to  verbs. 

Synthesis. 

Write  separate  simple  sentences  giving  the  synopsis  of  the  verb  teach 
with  7",  through  each  tense  of  all  the  finite  moods,  using  the  passive- 
negative  form,  and  thoii,  with  the  imperative. 

1.  Present  tense, 

2.  Present  perfect  tense, 

3.  Past  tense, 

_>  £     .  J-  Indicative  mood. 

4.  Past  perfect  tense, 

5.  Future  tense, 

6.  Future  perfect  tense,        j 


EXERCISES,  103 

7.  Present  tense,  ") 

8.  Present  perfect  tense, 

V  Potential  mood. 

9.  Past  tense, 

10.  Past  perfect  tense, 

11.  Present  tense, 

12.  Past  tense,  I  Subjunctive  mood. 

13.  Past  perfect  tense  (if  any),        J 

14.  Present  tense,  Imperative  mood  (with  thou). 

15.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  negative,  passive,  present  infin- 
itive. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  I  accuse  him  with  dishonesty. 

2.  The  boy  looks  like  to  his  father. 

3.  An  officer  on  European  and  Indian  service  are  in  very  different 
situations. 

4.  We  found  the  mill-stream  entirely  froze  over  and  the  wheel 
broke. 

5.  Our  teacher  said  air  had  weight. 

6.  I  knew  him  since  boyhood. 

7.  I  have  been  to  the  Exposition  last  year. 

8.  If  the  hat  were  on  the  hook,  some  one  must  have  taken  it. 

9.  Where  did  you  say  Pike's  Peak  was  ? 

10.    The  lad  cannot  leave  Ms  father,  for  if  he  should,  he  would  die. 

BIBLE. 


104  EXERCISES. 


EXEECISE^  XXXIL 

1.  Diogenes  happened  to  be  lying  in  the  sun ;  and  at  the 

2.  approach  of  so  many  people  he  raised  himself  up  a  little^ 

3.  and  fixed  his  eyes  upon  Alexander.     The  king  addressed 

4.  him  in  an  obliging  manner,  and  asked  him  if  there  was 

5.  anything  he  could  serve  him  in  ?     "  Only  stand  a  little 

6.  out  of  my  sunshine,"  said  Diogenes.     Alexander,  we  are 

7.  told,  was  struck  with  surprise  at  finding  himself  so  little 

8.  regarded,  and  saw  something  so  great  in  that  calmness, 

9.  that  while  his  courtiers  were  ridiculing  the  philosopher  as 

10.  a  monster,  he  said,  "  If  I  were  not  Alexander,  I  should 

11.  wish  to  be  Diogenes/' 

Plutarch. 

Analysis. 

1.  State  the  number  of  sentences  in  the  extract. 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

3.  Give  the  entire  predicate  of  its  first  proposition. 

4.  Give  the  entire  predicate  of  its  second  proposition. 

5.  Is  " happened"  transitive ?    6.    Compare  "many." 

7.  What  part  of  speech  is  "up"? 

8.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

9.  How  many  propositions  has  it  ? 

10.  Which  proposition  is  substantive  in  office  ? 

11.  Which  is  adjective  in  office  ? 

12.  By  what  is  the  adjective  clause  connected  to  the  preceding  clause? 

13.  In  what  mood  and  tense  is  the  verb  in  this  clause  ? 

14.  What  is  the  object  of  "in "? 

15.  What  kind  of  conjunction  is  "if"  as  here  used  ? 

16.  What  other  conjunction  might  be  used  in  place  of  "if"? 

17.  Classify  the  third  sentence. 

18.  Name  its  principal  propositions. 

19.  What  part  of  speech  is  "  only  "? 

20.  What  is  the  nominative  of  "stand"? 


EXERCISES. 


105 


21.  Classify  the  last  sentence. 

22.  How  many  propositions  has  it  ? 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  the  following  elements  : 

23.  "to.be  lying";   21.  "at";   Z5."up";    26.  "little"  second  line; 
27.  "upon  ";  28.  "  in,"  fifth  line;        29.  "  little"  fifth  line; 
30.  "sunshine";      31.  "at,"  seventh  line;  32.  "finding"; 

33.  "little,"  seventh  line;  34.  "regarded";  35.  "that,"  ninth  line; 
36.  "monster";  37.  "*/";  38.  "no£." 

39.  What  is  the  object  of  "said,"  tenth  line  ? 

40.  In  what  mood  and  tense  is  "were"? 

41.  Give  the  case  of  "Alexander." 

42.  Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  the  verb  in  the  last  line. 

43.  In  what  case  is  "Diogenes  "? 

44.  Is  "should  wish"  transitive  ?    45.    Decline  "which." 

46.  Give  the  person  and  number  of  "Diogenes." 

47.  What  is  the  syntactical  use  of  "as "? 

48.  Define  the  indicative  mood. 

49.  Define  the  active  voice. 

50.  Define  an  infinitive  (verb  in  the  infinitive  mood). 

Synthesis. 

Write  separate  simple  sentences  giving  the  synopsis  of  the  verb, 
sing,  with  thou,  through  all  the  tenses  of  the  finite  moods,  using  the 
progressive-interrogative  form. 

1.  Present  tense, 

2.  Present  perfect  tense, 

3.  Past  tense, 

4.  Past  perfect  tense, 

5.  Future  tense, 

6.  Future  perfect  tense, 

7.  Present  tense, 
Present  perfect  tense, 
Past  tense, 

Past  perfect  tense, 

Present  tense, 


8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12.  Past  tense,     - 

13.  Past  perfect  tense  (if  any), 

14.  Present  tense, 


Indicative  mood. 


Potential  mood. 


Subjunctive  mood. 


Imperative  mood. 


106  EXERCISES. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  All  the  mens'  and  the  boy's  names  were  taken. 

2.  The  bad  boy  hadn't  ought  to  do  it. 

3.  We  set  with  our  friends  at  the  table  for  over  an  hour. 

4.  Had  you  not  better  lay  down  a  while  ? 

5.  Heft  it  and  tell  me  what  it  weighs. 

6.  I  calculate  it  will  rain  soon. 

7.  That  will  illy  accord  with  my  notions. 

8.  He  has  fetched  up  agin  a  snag. 

9.  Mr.  John  Smith,  Esq. ,  was  here  this  morning. 

10.    The  Professor  soon  saw  that  the  intellectual  qualities  of  the 
youth  were  superior  to  those  of  his  raiment. 

MEMOIR  OF  JOHN  LEYDEN. 


EXERCISE  XXXIII. 


1.  The  skirts  of  the   wood   seemed  lined  with   archers, 

2.  although   a    few   are    advanced   from   its   dark    shadow. 

3.  "Under  what  banner?"  asked    Ivanhoe.      "Under   no 

4.  ensign  of  war  which  I  can  observe/'  answered  Kebeccu. 

5.  "A  singular  novelty/'  muttered  the  knight,  "to  advance 

6.  to  storm  such  a  castle  without  pennon  or  banner  dis- 

7.  played!     Seest  thou  who  they  be   that  act  as  leaders?" 

8.  "  A  knight  clad  in  sable  armor,  is  the  most  conspicuous/' 

9.  said  the  Jewess;  "he  alone  is  armed  from  head  to  heel 

10.  and  seems  to  assume  the  direction  of  all  around  him." 

11.  "What  device  does  he  bear  on  his   shield?7'  replied 

12.  Ivanhoe.     "Something  resembling  a  bar  of  iron,  and  a 

13.  padlock  painted  blue  on  the  black  shield." 

Scoit,  Ivanhoe. 


EXERCISES.  107 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  ?    2.    Classify  the  first. 

3.  What  is  the  syntax  of  "under  what  banner"?  , 

4.  Of  "under  no  ensign"? 

5.  Give  the  full  syntax  of  "  which." 

6.  Decline  "which"  and  give  its  case. 

1.    What  is  the  object  of  "answered"?  v 

8.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  "  novelty. " 

9.  Give  the  modifiers  of  "  novelty." 

10.  Has  "  to  advance"  case,  and  if  so,  in  what  case  is  it? 

11.  What  interrogative  word  in  line  three  ? 

Give  the  part  of  speech,  the  grammatical  properties  (modifications 
or  accidents),  and  the  syntax  of  the  following  words  : 

12-14.  "Knight";  15-17.  "castle";  18-20.  "seest"; 

21-23.  "who  ";  24-26.  "act";  27-29.  "leaders"; 

30-32.  "is  armed";          33-35.  "does  bear";      36-38.  "something. " 

39.  Name  all  the  present  participles  in  the  Exercise. 

40.  Name  the  perfect  (past)  participles. 

41.  What  is  the  object  of  "  seest  "? 

42.  Expand  "clad  in  armor"  into  an  equivalent  clause. 

43.  To  what  does  "  around  him  "  belong? 

44.  Is  "he  alone  is  armed"  adjective,  or  adverbial  in  office  ? 

45.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  "  blue." 

46.  Of  "what,"  eleventh  line. 

47.  State  when  a  collective  noun  takes  a  singular,  and  when  a 
plural  verb. 

48.  Define  the  past  tense. 

49.  Define  the  future  tense. 

50.  Define  a  preposition. 

Synthesis. 

Represent  impassive-negative  form  of  the  sentence,  "They  invite 
the  children,"  in  all  the  tenses  of  the  finite  moodSj  using  the  appro- 
riate  subject  for  the  imperative. 


108  EXERCISES. 

1.  Present  tense,  ^ 

2.  Present  perfect  tense, 

3.  Past  tense, 

„  ^  Indicative  mood. 

4.  Past  perfect  tense, 

5.  Future  tense, 

6.  Future  perfect  tense, 

7.  Present  tense, 

8.  Present  perfect  tense, 

„     TJ  >  Potential  mood. 

9.  Past  tense, 

10.  Past  perfect  tense, 

11.  Present  tense, 

12.  Past  tense,  j-  Subjunctive  mood. 

13.  Past  perfect  tense  (if  any), 

14.  Present  tense,         .  Imperative  mood. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  compound  perfect  passive  par- 
ticiple. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Pity  the  poor  widow  woman. 

2.  The  three  friends  were  all  of  them  much  attached  to  each  other. 

3.  Oil  and  water  will  not  unite  together. 

4.  This  book  is  equally  as  interesting  as  the  other. 

5.  "Who  first  discovered  the  law  of  gravitation  ? 

6.  Please  add  "tion  "  to  the  end  of  the  word. 

7.  He  was  completely  covered  over  with  snow. 

8.  My  uncle  presented  me  with  a  pony  phaeton. 

9.  We  saw  the  little  flowing  rivulet  flowing  in  and  out  among  the 
knolls. 

10.  Among  all    the    animals    upon  which   nature   has  impressed 
deformity  and  honor,  there  is  none  whom  he  durst  not  encounter. 

JOHNSON. 


EXERCISES.  109 


EXERCISE  XXIIV. 


1.  "Will  you  give  my  kite  a  lift?;?  said  my  little  nephew 

2.  to  his  sister,  after  trying  in  vain  to  make  it  fly  by  drag- 

3.  ging  it  along  the  ground.     Lucy  very  kindly  took  it  up 

4.  and  threw  it  into  the  air ;  but  her  brother  neglecting  to 

5.  run  off  at  the  same  moment,  the  kite  fell  down  again. 

6.  "  Ah,  now,  how  awkward  you  are ! "  said  the  little  fellow. 

7.  "  It  was  your  fault  entirely,"  answered  his  sister.     "  Try 

8.  again,  children,"  said  I.     "There  is  an  old  proverb  which 

9.  says,  •'  Perseverance  conquers  all  things.5 " 

Charlotte  Elizabeth. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  extract? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

3.  Give  the  simple  subject  of  its  principal  clause. 

4.  Give  the  entire  predicate  of  the  first  sentence.    . 

5.  What  is  the  object  of  * '  said  "  ? 

6.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

7.  What  word  connects  the  clauses  of  this  sentence  ? 

8.  In  what  case  is  "brother"?    9.    Give  its  modifiers.  . 

10.  Classify  the  third  sentence. 

11 .  What  part  of  speech  is  "now  "  1 

12.  Give  the  rule  of  syntax  applying  to  "now" 

13.  Classify  the  fourth  sentence. 

14.  Which  is  the  principal  proposition  of  this  sentence  ? 

15.  Classify  the  last  sentence. 

16.  How  many  propositions  in  this  sentence  ? 


110  EXERCISES. 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntactical  office  of  the  following 
words  : 

17.  "Kite";  18.  "lift";         19.  "said,"  line  1 ;    20."a/ter"; 

21.  "trying";  22."tomake";  <2&."fly";  ^."dragging"  ; 

25.  "very";  2Q."up";  27. "to  run";  28. "off"; 

29.  "down";  30.  "again";      31.  "said,"  6th  line;  32.  "entirely" ; 

33.  "fry/  34.  "te";  35. "which;  36. "conquers." 

37.  What  noun  in  the  Exercise  is  independent  in  syntax? 

38.  What  other  word  has  no  syntax  ? 

39.  What  adverb  might  be  substituted  for  ' '  m  vain  "? 

40.  What  noim  does  the  first  "  my  "  in  the  first  line  represent  ? 

41.  Answer  the  same  question  with  reference  to  the  second  "my." 

42.  Is  the  noun  which  this  pronoun  represents,  its  antecedent  ? 

43.  Give  the  mood  and  number  of  "  try. " 

44.  Why  is  not  the  second  word  in  the  last  line  spelled  "Persevere- 
ance"  ? 

45.  Change  this  line  to  its  equivalent  having  the  verb  in  the  passive 
voice. 

46.  Why  does  "Perseverance"  begin  with  a  capital? 

47.  Give  the  special  rule,  note,  or  remark  for  the  omission  of  "to" 
before  "fly." 

48.  Define  a  compound  adjective. 

49.  Define  comparison. 

50.  Define  the  positive  degree. 

Synthesis. 

Write  in  separate  sentences  the  six  participles  from  the  verb 
recite,  designating  the  special  name  of  each  according  to  the  gram- 
mar used. 


1.  Simple . 

2.  Simple . 

3.  Compound . 

4.  Compound . 

5.  Compound 

6.  Compound 


EXERCISES.  Ill 

Write  in  separate  sentences  the  several  infinitives  (verbs  in  the 
infinitive  mood)  as  indicated  below,  using  the  verb  recite. 

7.  Present  active. 

8.  Present  passive. 

9.  Perfect  active. 

10.  Perfect  passive. 

11.  Present  progressive. 

12.  Perfect  progressive. 

13.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  simple  participle  and  a  perfect 
infinitive. 

14.  A  compound  participle  ,and  a  present  progressive  infinitive. 

15.  A  compound  passive  participle  and  a  perfect  passive  infinitive. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  boys  they  all  went  into  the  house. 

2.  We  saw  the  new  moon  about  the  latter  end  of  the  week. 

3.  A  squirrel  can  climb  a  tree  quicker  than  a  boy. 

4.  I  enjoy  rowing  a  boat  about  as  well  as  anything. 

5.  Corporeal  punishment  was  forbidden. 

6.  James  was  there  among  the  rest. 

7.  The  two  first  days  of  the  week  are  gone. 

8.  I  counted  over  five  hundred  diicks  on  the  river. 

9.  May  I  get  some  water  ?  I  am  very  dry. 

10.    I  defy  any  candid  and  clear  thinker  to  deny  in  the  name  of 
inductive  science  either  of  these  six  propositions. 

KEY.  JOSEPH  COOK. 


EXERCISES. 


EXERCISE  XXXY. 


1.  That  day  I  oft  remember,  when  from  sleep 

2.  I  first  awaked,  and  found  myself  reposed, 

3.  Under  a  shade,  on  flowers,  much  wondering  where 

4.  And  what  I  was,  whence  thither  brought,  and  how. 

5.  Not  distant  far  from  thence  a  murmuring  sound 

6.  .    Of  waters  issued  from  a  cave,  and  spread 

7.  Into  a  liquid  plain,  then  stood  unmoved, 

8.  Pure  as  the  expanse  of  heaven  ;  I  thither  went 

9.  With  unexperienced  thought,  and  laid  me  down 

10.  On  the  green  bank,  to  look  into  the  clear 

11.  Smooth  lake,  that  to  me  seemed  another  sky. 

12.  As  I  bent  down  to  look,  just  opposite 

18.  A  shape  within  the  watery  gleam  appeared, 

1-4.  Bending  to  look  on  me;  I  started  back, 

15.  It  started  back ;  but  pleased  I  soon  returned, 

16.  Pleased  it  returned  as  soon,  with  answering  looks 

1 7.  Of  sympathy  and  love. 

Milton' }s  Paradise  Lost. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  ?    2.    Classify  the  first  one. 

3.  Give  its  entire  subject.     4.    Give  its  entire  predicate. 

5.  Name  all  its  subject-nominatives. 

6.  Name  all  its  predicate-verbs.     7.    All  its  objects. 

8.    Name  all  its  connectives.     9.  Its  adjective  modifiers. 

10.  Name  its  adverbial  modifiers. 

11-13.    What  does  each  of  its  prepositional  phrases  modify  ? 
14.    What  word  in  this  .sentence  would  not  be  in  good  taste  to  use 
in  writing  prose  ? 


EXERCISES.  113 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  the  following  words  : 
15.    "What";  16.  "wondering";  17.    •' where"; 

18.  "  thither,"  line  <L 

19.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

20.  Mention  its  adjective  clause. 

21.  Has  it  an  adverbial  clause  ?    If  so,  name  it. 

22.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  the  verb  in  the  ninth  line. 

23.  Give  the  syntax  of  "distant." 

24.  What  word  is  modified  by  "far"? 

25.  Compare  "far."    26.    Give  part  of  speech  of  "  thence. " 

27.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  "  unmoved." 

28.  What  does  "  to  look  "  modify  ? 

Classify,  give  the  grammatical  properties,  and  syntax  of  the  fol- 
lowing words : 

29-31.  "Sound";  32-34.  "stood";  35-37.  "expanse", 

38-40.  " me, "line  9. 

41.  How  many  propositions  in  the  last  sentence  ?  - 

42.  Give  M  the  modifiers  of  "appeared." 

43.  Give  all  the  modifiers  of  " shape." 

44.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  "  opposite. " 
45    What  does  "within  the  watery  gleam  "  modify? 

46.  Parse  "but"  syntactically. 

47.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  "as,"  twelfth  line. 

48.  Define  the  progressive  form  and  state  how  it  is  made. 

49.  Define  an  adverb  of  time. 

50.  Define  a  conjunctive  adverb. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  only  principal  elements. 

2.  Add  to  each  of  these  principal  elements  a  word  modifier. 

3.  To  the  sentence  thus  formed  add  two  phrase  modifiers. 

4.  To  the  sentence  last  formed  add  a  clause  modifier. 

5.  Write  a  transitive  infinitive  phrase. 

6.  Construct  a  sentence  using  this  phrase  adjectively. 

7.  A  sentence  using  it  adverbially. 

8.  A  sentence  using  it  substantively. 


114  EXERCISES. 

9.    Write  a  sentence  containing  post-master-general  in  the  pos- 
sessive plural. 

10.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  a  derivative  and  a  primitive 
dissyllable. 

11.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  compound  noun,  a  compound 
adjective,  and  a  compound  preposition. 

12.  Write  a  sentence  illustrating  the  use  of  the  hyphen  and  the 
apostrophe. 

13.  Write  a  correct  elliptical  sentence. 

14.  Write  a  sentence  accompanied  by  an  interjection  of  sorrow. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  adjective  of  irregular  compari- 
son, in  the  superlative  degree. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Try  to  set  up  or  I'll  sit  you  up. 

2.  I  guess  this  ere  will  half  to  do. 

3.  Had  I've  been  there,  all  would  have  been  well. 

4.  The  dying  and  expiring  soldier  bid  his  comrades  farewell. 

5.  He  is  as  cross  as  a  setting  hen. 

6.  I  love  chops  and  tomato  sauce.     . 

7.  The  children  were  raised  in  a  Christian  home. 

8.  The  soldiers  being  repulsed,  flew  to  the  rear. 

9.  The  death  of  his  son  greatly  effected  him. 

10.    It  belonged  to  that  peculiar  class  of  poetry  which  never  has, 
and  never  will  awaken  sympathy  in  the  universal  heart. 

N.  A.  REVIEW. 


EXERCISES. 


EXERCISE  XXXVI. 


1.  The  boat  had  touched  this  silver  strand, 

2.  Just  as  the  hunter  left  his  stand, 

3.  And  stood  concealed  amid  the  brake, 

4.  To  view  this  lady  of  the  lake. 

5.  The  maiden  paused  as  if  again 

6.  She  thought  to  catch  the  distant  strain. 

7.  With  head  up-raised,  and  look  intent, 

8.  And  eye  and  ear  attentive  bent, 

9.  And  locks  thrown  back,  and  lips  apart, 

10.  Like  monument  of  Grecian  art, 

11.  In  listening  mood,  she  seemed  to  stand, 

12.  The  guardian  naiad  of  the  strand. 

Scott,  Lady  of  the  Lake. 

Analysis. 

1.  Of  how  many  sentences  is  the  above  extract  composed  ? 

2.  Select  a  simple  sentence. 

3.  Select  a  complex  sentence. 

4.  How  many  clauses  in  the  first  sentence  ? 

5.  How  many  propositions  ? 

6.  What  is  the  entire  or  logical  subject  of  the  first  sentence  ? 

7.  What  is  the  entire  or  logical  predicate  ? 

8.  What  is  the  subject-nominative  ? 

9.  What  is  the  predicate-verb  ? 

10.  Parse  the  connective  in  the  fifth  line. 

11.  Give  the  entire  or  logical  predicate  of  the  last  sentence. 

12.  Give  its  predicate-verb. 

13.  In  what  case  is  "  naiad"?    14.    Of  what  gender  f 
15.  What  modifiers  has  * '  naiad  "  ? 


110  EXERCISES. 

Write  each  of  the  following  words,  give  its  classification,  and  state 
its  full  syntax  as  used  in  the  extract : 

16.  "Boat";          17.  "had  touched";  18.  "silver";       19."just"; 
20. "concealed";  21.  "to  view";          ^."this";  23. "lake"  ; 

2L"again";        25. "to  catch";        ^."strain";       27 ."up-raised" / 
28. "look";  ^."intent";  30  "attentive";  31. "bent" ; 

32.  "apart";        33.  "monument";   34.  "Grecian";  35.  "ar£ " 

36.  Between  what  does  "  wi^a "  show  the  relation  ? 

37.  What  does  "  in  listening  mood  "  modify  ? 

38.  Give  the  mood  of  "had  touched."    39.    Give  the  tense. 

40.  Change  the  first  line  to  its  equivalent  interrogative  form. 

41.  Give  the  corresponding  opposite  gender  of  " hunter." 

42.  Is  "  thought"  a  transitive  verb  as  here  used? 

43.  What  part  of  speech  is  not  found  in  the  extract  ? 

44.  Give  the  rule  for  the  beginning  of  "Grecian"  with  a  capital. 

45.  Select  a  compound  word. 

46.  Of  what  noun  is  "maiden  "  the  feminine  ? 

47.  Do  adjectives  in   English  usually  follow,   or  precede,  their 
nouns  ? 

48.  Define  an  adjective. 

49.  Define  a  descriptive  (or  common}  adjective. 

50.  Define  a  definitive  (or  limiting)  adjective. 

Synthesis. 

Write  appropriate  sentences  exhibiting  the  various  pronouns  axid 
their  declined  forms,  as  indicated  below  : 

1.  In  one  sentence,  the  three  cases  of  /in  the  singular  number. 

2.  The  three  cases  or  forms  of  thou  in  the  singular  number. 

3.  The  three  cases  of  you. 

4.  The  three  cases  of  we. 

5.  The  three  cases  of  ye. 

6.  The  three  cases  of  they. 

7.  The  three  cases  of  he. 

8.  The  three  cases  of  she. 

9.  The  three  cases  of  it. 

10.    The  nominative  and  the  possessive  case  of  who. 


EXERCISES.  11? 

11.  The  possessive  and  .the  objective  case  of  who. 

12.  The  nominative  and  the  objective  case  of  which. 

13.  The  nominative  and  the  possessive  case  of  ivliich. 

14.  The  nominative  and  the  possessive  case  of  that. 

15.  The  possessive  and  the  objective  case  of  that. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  We  expected  that  our  friends  would  have  come. 

2.  The  old  ruins  which  we  visited  appears  to  be  a  very  fine  build- 
ing. 

3.  The  subject  of  a  verb  ought  to  be  in  the  nominative  case. 

4.  Be  that  as  it  shall,  I  cannot  go. 

5.  Who  should  I  meet  the  other  day  but  my  old  friend,  Mr.  Smith. 

6.  The  little  child  was  drownded. 

7.  Passing  into  the  room  he  hanged  his  hat  on  a  nail. 

8.  I  trust  I  shall  get  the  better  of  my  illness. 

9.  He  was  that  poor  he  could  not  pay  his  rent. 

10.    A  vehicle  would  have  been  broken  to  pieces  in  a  deep  rut,  or 
come  to  grief  in  a  bottomless  pit.  DEAN  ALFOKIJ. 


EIEECISE  XIIYI1. 

1.  Do  you  hear  the  children  weeping,  0  my  brothers ! 

2.  Ere  the  sorrow  comes  with  years  ? 

3.  They  are  leaning  their  young  heads  against  their  mother's, 

4.  And  that  cannot  stop  their  tears. 

5.  The  young  lambs  are  bleating  in  the  meadows, 

6.  The  young  birds  are  chirping  in  the  nest, 

7.  The  young  fawns  are  playing  in  the  shadows, 

'   8.         The  young  flowers  are  blooming  from  the  west; 

9.  But  the  young,  young  children,  0  my  brothers! 

10.  They  are  weeping  bitterly! 

11.  They  are  weeping  'in  the  playtime  of  the  others, 
]  2.        In  the  country  of  the  free. 

Mrs.  Br owning. 


118  EXERCISES. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  stanza  ? 

2.  Classify  tlie  first  sentence. 

3.  Give  its  principal  clause. 

4.  Give  the  entire  predicate  of  this  sentence. 

5.  What  word  connects  the  clauses  ? 

6.  In  what  case  is  "brothers"? 

7.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

8-11.    Give  the  grammatical  subject  and  predicate  of  each  of  its 
Clauses. 

12.  What  is  the  syntax  of  "against  their  mother's"? 

13.  In  what  case  is  heads  "  ? 

14.  In  what  mood  is  the  verb  in  the  third  line  ? 

15.  The  verb  in  the  fourth  line  ? 

16.  What  part  of  speech  is  "that"? 

17.  What  does  it  stand  for,  or  represent? 
18t   Classify  the  third  sentence. 

19.  How  many  propositions  compose  this  sentence  ? 

20.  Are  any  of  them  subordinate  ? 

21.  What  line  contains  a  conjunction,  but  no  verb  > 

22.  What  line  contains  only  a  phrase  ? 

23.  What  does  this  phrase  modify  $ 

24.  Contract  it  into  a  simple  phrase. 

25.  Abridge  to  a  simple  phrase,  "in  the  playtime  of  the  others." 

26.  Select  the  verbs  having  the  progressive  form. 

27.  How  is  the  progressive  form  made  ? 

28.  What  verb  has  the  emphatic  form  ? 

29.  Does  this  verb  express  emphasis  ? 

30.  In  what  case  is  * '  mother's  "? 

31.  What  does  it  possess  ? 

32.  Give  the  gender  of  "lambs." 

33.  Of" their."    34.    Of  "fawns." 

35.  What  does  ' '  but "  connect  ? 

36.  In  what  case  is  "  children,"  ninth  line? 
v  37.    Select  an  adjective  phrase. 

38.  What  part  of  speech  is  "weeping "? 

39.  To  what  does  it  relate  ? 


EXERCISES.  119 

40.  Select  an  interjection  (exclamation). 

41.  An  adverb  of  manner.     42.    An  adverb  of  negation. 

43.  What  is  the  name  of  the  participle  in  "ing"  f 

44.  Select  a  word  having  two  improper  diphthongs. 

45.  Of  what  person  is  "  brothers  "  9 

46.  Represent  the  spelling  of  "of"  by  its  elementary  sounds. 

47.  Decline  "others"  in  the  singular  and  the  plural. 

48.  Define  the  nominative  case. 

49.  Define  the  possessive  case. 

50.  Define  the  objective  case. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  in  a  sentence  the  pronoun  whoever. 

2.  The  pronoun  whichever. 

3.  The  pronoun  whatever. 

4.  The  pronoun  whomsoever. 

5.  The  pronoun  whichsoever. 

6.  The  pronoun  whatsoever. 

7.  The  pronoun  whosesover. 

8.  The  nominative  and  the  possessive  case  of  one,  singular  number. 

9.  The  possessive  and  the  objective  case  of  other,  singular  number. 

10.  The  nominative  and  the  possessive  case  of  one,  plural  number. 

11.  The  pronoun,  himself,  in  the  nominative  caae.    Z 

12.  The  pronoun,  herself,  in  the  objective  case. 

13.  The  pronoun,  itself,  in  the  objective  case. 

14.  The  pronoun,  themselves,  in  the  nominative  case. 

15.  Write  a  compound  sentence  containing  two  relative  and  three 
personal  pronouns. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  lady  was  an  administrator. 

2.  The  canary  is  a  very  fine  songstress. 

3.  A  dissyllable  is  where  two  syllables  are  united. 

4.  She  is  the  best  poet  of  the  lady  writers. 

5.  He  was  necessitated  from  participating. 

6.  Either  the  young  man  or  his  friends  has  acted  with  imprudence. 


1.20 


7.  I  reckon  that  is  a  right  smart  chance. 

8.  Cyrus  did  not  wait  for  the  Babylonians  coming  to  attack  him. 

ROLLIN  . 

9.  Adversity  both  taught  you  to  think  and  to  reason.          STEELE. 
10.    The  greatest  masters  of  critical  learning  differ  among  one  another. 

SPECTATOR. 


EXERCISE  XXIYIIL 


1.  Now  there  was  not  far  from  the  place  where  they  lay  a 

2.  castle   called   Doubting   Castle,  the  owner  whereof  was 

3.  Giant  Despair,  and  it  was  in  his  grounds  they  now  were 

4.  sleeping;  wherefore  he,  getting  up  in  the  morning  early, 

5.  and  walking  up  and  down  in  his  fields,  caught  Christian 

6.  and  Hopeful  asleep  in  his  grounds.     Then  with  a  grim 

7.  and   surly  voice,  he  bade  them  awake,  and  asked  them 

8.  whence   they  were,  and  what  they  did  in  his   grounds. 

9.  They  told  him  they  were  pilgrims,  and  that  they  had  lost 

10.  their  way.     Then  said  the  Giant,  "You  have  this  night 

11.  trespassed  on  me  by  trampling  and  lying  on  my  ground, 

12.  and  therefore  you  must  go  along  with  me/' 

John  Bunyan. 

Analysis. 

1.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

2.  How  many  propositions  has  it  ? 

Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  the  following  elements  : 

3.  "Now";        4.  "there";     5.  "was,"  line  1;  6.  "not";    7.  "jfu-'\~ 
8.  "from  the  place" ;  9.  "where";        10.  "castle"; 

11.  "called";    12.  "Doubting  Castle";  13.  "ivhereof"; 

14.  "Giant  Despair";  15.  "in  his  grounds,  "line  3;  16."wherefore"; 
17.  "getting";  18.  "up,"  fourth  line;  19.  "down";  20.  "early"; 
21.  *  'in"  fifth  line  ;    22. '  'asleep" ;     23. '  'in  his  grounds, "  sixth  line. 


EXERCISES.  121 

24.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

25.  Give  the  number  of  propositions  in  it. 

26.  Give  the  simple  subject  and  predicate  of  the  first  one. 

27.  Classify  "awake"  and  give  its  syntax. 

28.  Give  the  direct  object  of  "asked." 

29.  Give  the  rule  for  parsing  "them,"  seventh  line. 

30.  Give  the  syntax  of  "Then"  line  6. 

31.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  "bade." 

32.  What  is  the  syntactical  office  of  "whence  they  were"? 

33.  What  part  of  speech  is  "what"?    34.    Give  its  syntax. 

35.  What  does  "and"  connect,  eighth  line? 

36.  Classify  the  third  sentence. 

37.  What  is  the  object  of  "told "V 

38.  Classify  the  last  sentence. 

39.  What  is  the  object  of  "said"'/ 

40.  Give  the  syntax  of  "night." 

41.  Give  the  syntax  of  "lying." 

42.  What  connects  the  last  clause  to  the  one  preceding  V 

43.  What  is  the  syntax  of  * '  therefore  "  $ 

44.  Why  is  "  You"  (tenth  line)  capitalized  ? 

45.  Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  the  last  verb  of  the  Exercise. 

46.  Give  the  syntax  of  "along". 

47.  Select  a  verb  in  the  present  perfect  tense. 

48.  Define  an  intransitive  verb.     49.    Define  a  principal  verb. 
50.  Define  an  auxiliary  verb. 


Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  simple  sentence  having  the  verb  transitive. 

2.  Add  to  this  sentence  an  adjective  clause  modifying  the  subject. 

3.  To  the  sentence  last  formed,  add  an  adverbial  clause. 

4.  Make  the  last  sentence  compound  by  adding  one  co-ordinate 
member. 

5.  Further  develop  the  sentence  by  adding  to  the  second  co-ordi- 
nate member  an  adjective  clause. 

6.  Write  a  sentence  containing  "  methinks." 

7.  Write  a  sentence  in  which  a  is  a  preposition. 


122  EXERCISES. 

8.  In  which  a  modifies  a  possessive  noun. 

9.  In  which  all  is  an  adverb. 

10.  In  which  also  is  an  adverb. 

11.  In  which  also  is  a  conjunction. 

12.  In  which  as  is  a  pronoun. 

13.  In  which  as  is  a  preposition. 

14.  In  which  as  is  an  adverb. 

15.  In  which  as  is  a  conjunction. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Give  the  balance  of  our  dinner  to  Tommy,  our  cat. 

2.  I  carried  the  corn  to  mill  in  the  horse  and  waggon. 

3.  He  sent  a  good  deal  of  fat  cattle  to  New  York. 

4.  The  bird  flew  out  the  window. 

5.  Was  I  to  inform  the  teacher  you  would  be  punished. 

6.  His  future  prospects  are  right  good. 

7.  Tom's  a  brick  with  a  gilt  edge. 

8.  The  young  man's  anticipations  of  the  future  were  of  the  gloom- 
iest character. 

9.  Two  or  more  sentences  united  together  is  called  a  compound 
sentence.  DAY'S  GRAMMAR. 

10.    That  fertile  source  of  mistakes  among  our  clergy,  (is)  the  mis- 
pronunciation of  Scripture  proper  names.  DEAN  ALFORD. 


EXERCISES.  123 


EXEEC1M  XXXIX. 

1.  Ah !  who  can  tell  how  hard  it  is  to  climb 

2.  The  steep  where  Fame's  proud  temple  shines  afar; 

3.  Ah  !  who  can  tell  how  many  a  soul  sublime 

4.  Has  felt  the  influence  of  malignant  star, 

5.  And  waged  with  Fortune  an  eternal  war ; 

6.  Check'd  by  the  scoff  of  Pride,  by  Envy's  frown,  * 

7.  And  Poverty's  unconquerable  bar, 

8.  In  life's  low  vale  remote  has  pined  alone, 

0.         Then  dropt  into  the  grave  unpitied  and  unknown  ! 

10.  And  yet  the  languor  of  inglorious  days, 

11.  Yet  equally  oppressive  is  to  all ; 

12.  Him,  who  ne'er  listened  to  the  voice  of  praise, 

13.  The  silence  of  neglect  can  ne'er  appal. 

14.  There  are,  who,  deaf  to  mad  Ambition's  call, 

15.  Would  shrink  to  hear  the  obstreperous  trump  of  Fame, 

16.  Supremely  blest,  if  to  their  portion  fall, 

17.  Health,  competence  and  peace.     Nor  higher  aim 

18.  Had  he,  whose  simple  tale  these  artless  lines  proclaim. 

Beattie. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  stanzas  ? 

2.  Classify  the  firs t  one. 

3.  How  many  clauses  does  it  contain  ? 

4.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  the  following  words  : 

5. "  Who,"  line  1;    6.  "hard";  7.  "to  climb";    8.  "where"; 

9.  "afar";  10.  "Checked";      11. "  bar";          12.  "remote"; 

13.  "dropt";  14:."unknoivn";      15.  "languor";  16."him"; 

17. " are";  18. "who," line  14;  19. " deaf";       20. "to  hear"; 

21.  "blest";  22. "  if";  23.  "peace";      24.  "aim"; 

25.  "whose";          26.  "tale" 


124  EXERCISES. 

27.  What  classes  of  words  are  compared  ? 

28.  Give  an  example  of  each  class,  and  compare  the  example  given. 

29.  Make  a  list  of  all  the  proper  nouns  in  the  exercise. 

30.  Why  are  these  nouns  proper  / 

31.  Give  the  gender  of  "Fortune." 

32.  Of  "Ambition's." 

33.  What  moods  are  represented  ? 

34.  What  tenses? 

35.  Give  the  antecedent  of  "  their"  line  16. 

36.  What  is  the  object  of  "  can  tell"  line  3  ? 

37.  Give  the  properties  (modifications)  of  "  soul." 

38.  Give  all  the  modifiers  (adjuncts)  of  "  soul." 

39.  Give  the  tense  of  "  waged." 

40.  Change  the  last  proposition  to  its  equivalent  passive  form. 

41.  Select  a  word  having  a  silent  consonant. 

42.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  "yet"  line  10. 

43.  Give  the  syntax  of  "yet,"  line  11. 

44.  Explain  why  the  sentence  beginning  with  "  who"  does  not  end 
with  an  interrogation  point  ? 

45.  Give  all  the  perfect  participles  in  the  Exercise,  used  alone  as 
such. 

46.  Select  an  adjective  from  which  an  abstract  noun  may  be  formed, 
and  decline  this  noun. 

47.  Select  a  polysyllabic  adjective,  from  its  primitive  form  a  noun 
and  write  its  possessive  plural. 

48.  Define  an  adverb  of  place. 

49.  Define  an  adverb  of  manner. 

50.  Define  an  adverb  of  degree. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write   a   sentence   containing  a   descriptive  and    a   definitive 
adjective. 

2.  A  common,  a  proper,  and  a  collective  noun. 

3.  An  adjective  element,  and  an  adverbial  element. 

4.  A  word  modifier,  a  phrase  modifier,  and  a  clause  modifier. 

5.  An  adjective  phrase,  an  adverbial  phrase,  and  a  substantive 
phrase. 


EXERCISES.  125 

6.  A  prepositional  phrase,  a  participial  phrase,  and  an  infinitive 
phrase. 

7.  A  simple,  a  complex,  and  a  compound  phrase. 

8.  Write  a  sentence  accompanied  by  an  independent  phrase. 

9.  "Write  a  complex  sentence  with  the  verb  in  the  principal  clause 
in  the  potential  mood ;  the  other  verb,  in  the  subjunctive. 

10.  Write  a  sentence  having  a  noun   in  apposition  with  a  propo- 
sition. 

11.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  all  the  parts  of  speech. 

12.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  the  words  to,  too,  and  two. 

13.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  day  of  the  week,  a  month  of  the 
year,  and  a  season  of  the  year,  being  careful  to  capitalize  correctly. 

14.  Write  in  a  sentence  the  words,  city,  county,  and  state,  prefix- 
ing to  each  an  appropriate  proper  noun — or  let  the  name  come  after, 
being  connected  by  the  word  of. 

15.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  a  comparative  adjective, 
and  also  but  as  a  preposition. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  We  attackted  the  army,  at  daylight,  and  the  charge  was  very 
effective. 

2.  How  many  spoonsful  make  two  cupsful  ? 

3.  He  is  a  kinder  good  feller  after  all. 

4.  In  sunshine,  storm,  and  in  tempest,  he  was  always  the  same. 

5.  It  is  a  general  time  of  plenty  and  crops  are  excellent. 

6.  The  settler  there  the  savage  slew. 

7.  The  opera  will  be  here  about  the  latter  end  of  the  week. 

8.  Ere  you  remark  another's  sin, 

Bid  thy  conscience  look  within.  GAY. 

9.  He  is  wiser  than  me.  DEANALFORD. 
10.    If  with  your  inferiors,  speak  no  coarser  than  usual ;  if  with  your 

superiors,  no  finer.  JD 


126  EXERCISES. 


EXEECISE  XL. 


1.  Then  the  servants,  at  Captain  John  Hull's  command, 

2.  heaped  double  handfuls  of  shillings  into  one  side  of  the 

3.  scales,  while  Betsey  remained  in  the  other.    Jingle,  jingle, 

4.  went  the  shillings,  as  handful  after  handful  was  thrown 

5.  in,  till   plump   and    ponderous   as   she   was,  they   fairly 

6.  weighed  the  young  lady  from  the  floor. 

7.  "There,   son    Samuel,"  said   the   honest   mint-master, 

8.  resuming  his  seat  in  his  Grandfather's  chair,  "  Take  these 

9.  shillings  for  my  daughter's  portion.     Use  her  kindly,  and 

10.  thank  Heaven  for  her.     It  is  not  every  wife  that's  worth 

11.  her  weight  in  silver." 

Hawthorne. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  extract  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  one. 

3.  Give  its  principal  clause. 

4.  What  is  the  syntactical  office  of  the  dependent  clause  ? 

5.  What  part  of  speech  is  th  e  last  word  of  the  first  sentence  ? 

6.  Give  the  syntax  of  ({at  Captain  John  Hull's  command." 

7.  Of  "into  one  side  of  the  scales." 

8.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

9.  How  many  subordinate  clauses  has  it  ? 

10.  Is  the   second  subordinate  clause  adjective  or  adverbial  in 
office? 

11.  What  does  "after  handful11  modify  ? 

12.  Give  the  tense  and  voice  of  "  was  thrown." 

13.  Is  "  weighed  "  transitive  ? 

14.  Classify  the  last  sentence. 

15.  How  many  clauses  has  it  ? 

16.  What  is  the  object  of  "  said  "f 


EXERCISES.  127 

17.  In  what  'mood  and  tense  is  "  use"? 

18.  What  is  the  subject  of  "thank "? 

19.  Give  the  rule  for  parsing  (s ivife." 

20.  Give  the  rule  for  parsing  "  worth." 

21.  Has  " it"  an  antecedent  ? 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  the  following  words : 

22.  "Then";  23.  "double";  24.  "while";     25.  "jingle"; 
26.  '  'ew,  "fourth  line;  27.  "plump";  28.  "cw,"  fifth  line; 
29.  "from";         30.  "there";        31.  "«ow";      32.  "Samuel"; 

33.  "m,"  eighth  line;  34.  "/or,"  ninth  line;         35.  "worth." 

36.  Express  the  feminine  plural  of  "  servant. " 

37.  Is  the  plural  of  "handful"  properly  formed  in  the  Exercise? 

38.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "  in,"  fourth  line. 

39.  What  two  words  in  the  Exercise  express  corresponding  oppo- 
site genders  ? 

40.  Of  what  gender  is  "Heaven"? 

41.  Select  a  plural  adjective. 

42.  When  is  a  collective  noun  of  other  than  the  neuter  gender  ? 

43.  Of  what  gender  is  a  collective  noun  when  it  is  plural  inform  f 

44.  Give  a  list  of  all  the  proper  diphthongs  in  the  language. 

45.  What  moods  are  represented  in  the  Exercise  ? 

46.  Wha>t  tenses? 

47.  Give  the  possessive  plural  of  "  attorney -general" 

48.  Define  the  emphatic  form  of  a  tense. 

49.  What  are  forms  of  a  tense  ? 

50.  Define  a  participle. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  comparative  than. 

2.  Write  a  sentence  containing  than  as  a  preposition. 

3.  Write  a  complex  sentence  containing  two  adverbial  clauses  of 
time. 

4.  Form  an  interrogative  sentence  with  the  pronoun  in  the  object- 
ive case. 

5.  Form  a  complex  sentence  whose  subordinate  proposition  shall 
express  cause. 


128  EXERCISES. 

6.  Form  a  sentence  containing  an  indirect  object. 

7.  Form  a  question-sentence,  with  the  interrogative  pronoun  in 
the  possessive  case. 

8.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  possessive  plural  of  mother- 
in-law. 

9.  Of  aid-de-camp.     10.    Of  billet-doux. 
11.    Of  habeas-Gorpus.     12.    Of  half-penny. 

13.  Of  sloop-of-war. 

14.  Write  a  simple  sentence  that  cannot  be  put  into  the  interrog- 
ative form  without  changing  the  mood  of  the  verb. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  moods  that  may  be  used  in 
interrogative  sentences. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  I  do  not  know  who  you  mean. 

2.  Hoist  me  down  in  the  coal  mine. 

3.  Whether  you  conform  to  the  rule,  we  cannot  admit  you. 

4.  The  committee's  rebuke  had  the  effect  intended. 

5.  Of  a  pleasant  morning  we  often  walk  out  in  the  fields. 

6.  The  farmer  grows  his  own  cattle  and  drives  them  to  market. 

7.  If  twenty-four  cents  will  buy  six  oranges,  how  much  will  forty- 
eight  cents  buy  ? 

8.  The  foreigner  could  neither  read  nor  write. 

9.  The  defects  in  our  present  system  are  apparent. 

UNIVERSITY  STUDENT. 

10.  No  monstrous  height,  or  length,  or  breadth  appear.          POPE. 


EXERCISES.  129 


EXEECISE  ILL 


1.  Heaven  from  all  creatures  hides  the  book  of  fate, 

2.  All  but  the  page  prescribed,  their  present  state ; 

3.  From  brutes  what  men,  from  men  what  spirits  know ; 

4.  Or  who  could  suffer  being  here  below  ? 

5.  The  lamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to-day, 

6.  Had  he  thy  reason  would  he  skip  and  play  ? 

7.  Pleased  to  the  last,  he  crops  the  flowery  food, 

8.  And  licks  the  hand  just  raised  to  shed  his  blood. 

9.  Oh,  blindness  to  the  future  !  kindly  given, 

10.  That  each  may  fill  the  circle  marked  by  Heaven 

11.  Who  sees  with  equal  eye,  as  God  of  all, 

12.  A  hero  perish,  or  a  sparrow  fall, 

13.  Atoms  or  systems  into  ruin  hurl'd, 

14.  And  now  a  bubble  burst  and  now  a  world. 

Pope's  Essay  on  Man. 

Analysis. 

1.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

2.  How  many  propositions  has  it  ? 

3.  What  word  supplies  the  ellipsis  in  the  third  line  ? 

4.  What  kind  of  pronoun  is  * '  ivhat "  ? 

5.  To  what  is  it  equivalent  f 

6.  What  part  of  speech  is  the  antecedent  part  of  "what"? 

7.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  "all"  in  the  first  and  in  the  second 
line. 

8.  Give  the  number  and  gender  of  "all,"  second  line. 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  the  following  words  : 

9.  "From,"  first  line;  10.  "A  ^/'second  line;  \l."but"; 

12.  "prescribed";         I3."state";  14.  "from,"  third  line- 

15.  first  "ivhat";          16.  first  "men";  17. "Or,"  line  4. 

18.  "being";  Id." here";  20." below." 


130  EXERCISES. 

21.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

22.  Give  its  leading  or  principal  clause. 

23.  In  what  case  is  "  lamb  "? 

24.  What  is  the  object  of  "  dooms  "t 

25.  In  what  case  is  "  to-day"? 

26.  Is  the  proposition  in  the  fifth  line  adjective  or  adverbial  \\\ 
office? 

27.  Answer  the  same  of  the  first  proposition  of  the  sixth  line. 

28.  Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  "would  skip." 

29.  Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  "Had." 

30.  Classify  the  third  sentence. 

31.  Give  its  entire  subject.     32.    Give  its  entire  predicate. 

33.  Select  from  this  sentence  a  participle  and  an  infinitive. 

34.  Classify  each  of  them. 

35.  Classify  the  last  sentence. 

36.  Give  its  principal  clause. 

37.  Give  its  subordinate  clauses. 

38.  Are  any  words  understood  in  this  sentence  ? 

39.  Give  the  syntax  of  "blindness."    40.    Of"  given." 
41.  Classify  "Heaven."    42.    Give  its  gender. 

43.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  syntax  of  "God. " 

44.  Of  "sparrotu."    45    Of  "fall." 

46.  Between  what  does  "  into  "  show  the  relation  ? 

47.  Give  the  syntax  of  "  burst." 

48.  Define  a  modifier.     49.    An  adjective  modifier. 
50.  Define  an  adverbial  modifier. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  two  predicate  adjectives. 

2.  With  a  compound  word  as  the  object  of  a  preposition. 

3.  Compose  a  simple  sentence  containing  the  words  I  and  O. 

4.  One  containing  two  primitive  dissyllables. 

5.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  a  modified  objective  ele- 
ment. 

6.  Containing  two  phrase  objective  elements. 

7.  An  adjective  clause  connected  by  when. 

8.  A  substantive  clause  as  the  object  of  a  participle. 


EXERCISES.  131 

9.  A  substantive  clause  as  the  object  of  an  infinitive. 

10.  A  substantive  clause  as  the  object  of  a  preposition. 

11.  Write  a  sentence  with  worth  as  a  noun. 

12.  With  worth  as  an  adjective. 

13.  With  worth  as  a  preposition. 

14.  Write  a  sentence,  expressing  a  threat  or  determination,  using 
/  as  subject. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  adjective  modifying  two  nouns. 

False  Syntax. 

In  this  and  in  the  following  exercises,  one  sentence  of  the  last  Jive 

iff  COKBECT. 

1.  The  old  warrior  was  bred  and  born  in  New  Hampshire. 

2.  As  far  as  I  can  see,  the  point  is  well  taken. 

3.  No  less  than  fifty  dollars  were  paid  for  what  was  not  worth 
twenty. 

4.  We  cannot  afford  such  another  victory. 

5.  You  may  call  upon  me  at  about  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

6.  I  want  to  go  to  the  concert  the  worst  way. 

7.  The  vessel  is  off  Cape  Ann  or  thereabouts. 

8.  Wanted  to  adopt  two  children,  who  will  be  treated  as  one  of  the 
family. 

9.  May  they  not  perform  the  task  equally  as  well  ? 

10.    Scotland  and  thee  did  each  in  other  live.  DRYDEN. 


1 1.  You  had  best  not  anger  me,  if  you  would  go  in  peace. 

12.  He  had  traveled  both  in  Europe,  in  Africa,  and  in  America. 
1.3.    'Twas  Love's  mistake  who  fancied  what  it  feared. 

14.  The  world  will  rest  content  with  such  poor  things  as  you  and  me. 

MAGAZINE. 

15.  "You  are  always  coming  to  tea  now-a-days,  Kobert,"  he  said. 
"  I  should  think  you  had  drunk  enough  tea  in  China." 

HENRY  JAMES,  JR. 


133  EXEKCISES. 


EXEECISE  XLIL 


1.  Flag  of  the  brave !  thy  folds  shall  fly, 

2.  The  sign  of  hope  and  triumph,  high. 

3.  When  speaks  the  signal  trumpet-tone, 

4.  And  the  long  line  comes  gleaming  on ; 

5.  Ere  yet  the  life-blood,  warm  and  wet, 

6.  Has  dimmed  the  glistening  bayonet, 

7.  Each  soldier  eye  shall  brightly  turn 

8.  To  where  thy  sky-born  glories  burn ; 

9.  And  as  his  springing  steps  advance, 

10.  Catch  war  and  vengeance  from  the  glance. 

11.  And  when  the  cannon-mouthings  loud 

12.  Heave  in  wild  wreaths  the  battle-shroud, 

13.  And  gory  sabres  rise  and  fall 

14.  Like  shoots  of  flame  on  midnight's  pall, 

15.  Then  shall  thy  meteor  glances  glow, 

16.  And  cowering  foes  shall  sink  beneath 

17.  Each  gallant  arm  that  strikes  below 

18.  The  lovely  messenger  of  death. 

Drake. 

Analysis. 

1.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

2.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

3.  Classify  the  third  sentence. 

4.  Give  the  number  and  case  of  "flag.'1 

5.  Give  the  grammatical  properties  of  "  brave." 

6-17.    Write  all  the  subject-nominatives  of  the  stanza,  and  immedi- 
ately after  each  give  its  predicate-verb. 


EXERCISES.  1:5:5 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  the  following  words  : 
18.  '  'Sign";   19.  *  'high";        20. ' '  When, "  line  3 ;    21. '  'gleaming"; 
22.  "on,"  line 4;  23.  "-Ere";   M."yet";  25."jG?ac^,"line7; 

26.  "  7b";       27.  "where";     28.  'Mnd,"  ninth  line;  29.  "from"; 
30.  "when,"  eleventh  line;    31.  "like";         32.  "on,"  fourteenth  line; 
33.  "Then";  31  "beneath";  35.  "below";  ^."messenger" 

37.  In  what  mood  are  all  the  verbs  ? 

38.  What  tenses  are  represented  ? 

39.  What  is  the  syntax  of  the  clause  in  the  ninth  line  ? 

40.  Of  what  gender  is  "  line"? 

41.  In  what  tense  is  "  catch"? 

42.  What  is  meant  by  "  £Ae  lovely  messenger  of  death  "? 

43.  Select  an  adjective  clause. 

44.  Select  all  the  participial  adjectives  of  the  Exercise. 

45.  Give  the  antecedent  of  "  thy"  fifteenth  line. 

46.  What  preposition  has  a  compound  object  ? 

47.  What  verb  has  a  compound  object  ? 

48.  Define  the  perfect  (or  past)  participle. 

49.  Define  the  past  perfect  tense. 

50.  Define  conjugation. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  what  as  a  double  relative,  in  two 
cases — nominative  and  objective. 

2.  Write  a  simple  sentence  with  what  as  a  predicate- nominative, 
and  at  the  same  time  as  the  object  of  a  preposition. 

3.  Accompany  a  simple  sentence  with  what  as  an  interjection. 

4.  With  what  as  an  anverb. 

5.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  the  adjective  beautiful  mod- 
ifying the  subject. 

6.  Change  the  proposition  thus  formed  into  a  complex  sentence  by 
expanding  the  adjective  into  an  equivalent  clause. 

7.  Express  in  a  sentence  the  superlative  degree  of  an  adjective  of 
irregular  comparison. 

8.  Write  in  a  sentence  an  adjective  having  no  positive  degree. 

9.  An  adjective  having  no  comparative. 


134  EXERCISES. 

10.  An  adjective  having  neither  positive  nor  superlative. 

11.  One  of  the  superlatives  of  out. 

12.  Write  a  sentence  having  a  suitable  infinitive  following  ought 
considered  as  a  past  tense. 

13.  Write  a  sentence  in  which  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  ivhich. 

14.  Write  a  sentence  in  which  two  negatives  are  correctly  use,d  to 
express  an  affirmative. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  in  which  four  rules  for  capitals  shall  be  illus- 
trated. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  This  will  not  do  by  any  manner  of  means. 

2.  Give  it  to  the  six  successful  students  or  either  of  them. 

3.  She  displayed  a  mighty  destitution  of  capacity. 

4.  I  expect  he  must  have  arrived  last  night. 

5.  When  did  you  come  in  town  ? 

6.  Next  week  a  Thursday  is  the  Fourth  of  July. 

7.  Tell  me  in  sadness  whom  is  she  you  love  ?  SHAKESPEARE. 

8.  Whereunto  the  righteous  fly  and  are  safe.  BARCLAY. 

9.  Their  intermediate  forms  must  be  looked  only  for  in  the  poets. 

OSCAR  SCHMIDT. 
10.    lago.    He's  married. 

Cassio.    To  who?  SHAKESPEARE. 


11.  The  prisoner  was  not  only  accused  of  robbery  but  of  treason. 

12.  Father  and  I  dug  potatoes  from  early  morn  till  eve. 

13.  Those  persons  who  but  speak  to   display  their  wisdom   are 
unworthy  of  attention. 

14.  He  dare  not  touch  a  hair  of  Catiline. 

15.  I  am  the  general  who  command  you. 


EXEKCISES.  135 


EXERCISE  XLII1. 


1.  A  story,  in  which  native  humor  reigns, 

2.  Is  often  useful,  always  entertains ; 

3.  A  graver  fact,  enlisted  on  your  side, 

4.  May  furnish  illustrations  well  applied ; 

5.  But  sedentary  weavers  of  long  tales 

6.  Give  me  the  fidgets,  and  my  patience  fails. 

7.  'Tis  the  most  asinine  employ  on  earth, 

8.  To  hear  them  tell  of  parentage  and  birth, 

9.  And  echo  conversations,  dull  and  dry, 

10.  Embellished  with—"  He  said,"  and  «  So  said  L" 

11.  At  every  interview  their  route  the  same, 

12.  The  repetition  makes  attention  lame; 

13.  We  bustle  up  with  unsuccessful  speed, 

14.  And  in  the  saddest  part  cry — "  Droll  indeed ! " 

15.  A  great  retailer  of  this  curious  ware, 

16.  Having  unloaded  and  made  many  stare, 

17.  "  Can  this  be  true  ?  "  an  arch  observer  cries, 

18.  "Yes  (rather  moved),  I  saw  it  with  these  eyes." 

19.  "  Sir !  I  believe  it  on  that  ground  alone ; " 

20.  I  could  not,  had  I  seen  it  with  my  own." 

Cowper. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  Exercise  f 

2.  Classify  the  first  one. 

3.  Give  the  entire  subject  of  ihe  first  principal  clause. 

4.  Give  its  entire  predicate. 

5.  Give  the  entire  subject  of  the  second  principal  clause. 

6.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 


136  EXERCISES. 

7.  Give  its  entire  subject. 

8.  Give  its  entire  predicate. 

Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  the  following  words  : 

9.  "Employ";    10.  "Tohear";  11.  "echo";       12.  "Embellished"; 
13.  "route";         14.  "same";       15.  "lame";      16.  "indeed"; 

17.  "made";        18.  "stare";       19.  "rather";   20.  "?//.oved"; 
21.  "alone";      22.  "oitw." 

23.  Name  all  the  substantive  clauses  in  the  Exercise,  expressed  or 
implied. 

24.  Is  either  "said"  transitive  ? 

25.  What  does  the  prepositional  phrase  in  line  11  modify? 

26.  What  kind  of  adverb  is  "so"? 

27.  Classify  the  last  sentence. 

28.  Select  its  subordinate  proposition. 

29-31.    Mention  each  verb  of  this  sentence,  and  give  its  simple  sub- 
ject and  its  object,  if  it  has  one. 

32.  Give  the  rule  for  parsing  "retailer." 

33.  Give  its  modifications,  or  properties. 

34.  Give  its  modifiers. 

35.  Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  the  last  verb  in  the  last  line. 

36.  Give  the  same  of  the  first  verb  in  the  last  line. 

37.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  modifications  of  "Sir." 

38.  Parse  "  Yes"  and  give  the  rule  or  note. 

39.  Select  a  compound  participle. 

40.  Select  a  plural  objective  pronoun  and  give  its  antecedent. 

41.  Give  the  modifiers  of  "conversations." 

42.  Select  three  adjectives  each  representing  a  different  degree  of 
comparison. 

43.  Give  the  synopsis  of  the  last  verb  of  the  Exercise,  preserving 
itii  mood  and  using  your  own  name  as  subject. 

44.  Select  an  adjective  of  the  superlative  degree  and  change  it  into- 
an  adverb  of  the  same  degree. 

45.  What  ellipsis  may  be  supplied  in  the  sixth  line  ? 

46.  Form  a  compound  perfect  passive  participle  from  a  noun 
selected  from  the  Exercise. 

47.  What  noun  in  the  Exercise  is  shortened  by  poetic  license  ? 

48.  Define  the  future  perfect  tense. 

49.  Define  a  preposition.     50.    Define  ellipsis. 


EXERCISES. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Modify  the  subject  of  a  simple  sentence  by  wise. 

2.  Be- write  the   sentence  expanding  the  adjective   wise  into  an 
equivalent  phrase. 

3.  Expand  the  phrase  into  an  equivalent  clause-modifier  of  the 
subject. 

4.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  adverb  silently. 

5.  Expand  this  adverb  into  an  equivalent  phrase  modifier  of  the 
predicate. 

6.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  infinitive  of  purpose. 

7.  Re-write  the  sentence  expanding  the  infinitive  into  an  equiva- 
lent clause. 

8.  Write  two  simple  sentences  about  "Grammar.'" 

9.  Properly  combine  these  into  a  compound  sentence. 

10.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  verb  in  the  subjunctive  without 
an  indicating  word. 

11.  Construct  a  negative-interrogative  sentence  having  the  verb  in 
the  past-perfect  potential,  passive. 

12.  Write  a  simple  sentence  in  which  do  shall  be  auxiliary  to  itself. 

13.  Illustrate  in  a  simple  sentence  the  use  of  had  as  auxiliary. 

14.  Of  had  as  principle  verb. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  participial  predicate  adjective. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  comparative  degree  can  only  be  used  with  reference  to  two 
objects.  GOULD  BROWN,  p.  164. 

2.  Tell  if  the  conjunctions  are  co-ordinate,  subordinate,  or  cor- 
relative. SWINTON'S  GRAMMAR, 

3.  Wisdom  or  folly  govern  us.  FISK'S  GRAMMAR. 

4.  When  a  verb  governs  a  relative  pronoun,  it  is  placed  after  it. 

CHAMBERS'  GRAMMAR. 

5.  This  mode  of  expression  rather  suits  familiar  than  grave  style. 

MURRAY'S  GRAMMAR. 

6.  A  letter  is  a  character  that  denotes  one  or  more  of  the  element- 
ary sounds  of  language,  and  is  the  least  distinct  part  of  a  written 
word.  KERL'S  C.  S.  GRAMMAR,  p.  ar>. 


138  EXERCISES. 

7.  These  rules  should  be  kept  in  mind  as  aids  either  for  speaking, 
composing,  or  parsing  correctly.  MORRELL'S  GRAMMAR. 

8.  The  Syntax  and  Etymology  of  the  language  is  thus   spread 
before  the  learner.  BULLION'S  GRAMMAR. 

9.  The  passive  Verb  denotes  Action  received  by  the  person  or 
thing  which  is  its  Nominative.  KIRKHAM'S  GRAMMAR. 

10.   A  noun  or  pronoun,  used  as  the  predicate  of  a  proposition,  is  in 
the  nominative  case.  HARVEY'S  GRAMMAR. 


11.  I  wish  you  would  go  back  to  the  letter  in  which  I  told  you  of 
papa  and  me  calling  at  Mr.  Lemuel's.  WM.  BLACK. 

12.  It  seemed  that  to  waylay  and  murder  the  King  and  his  brother 
was  the  shortest  way.  MACATJLAY. 

13.  Have  you  seen  anything  of  our  friends  since  they  left? 

MAGAZINE. 

14.  Nor  is  it  less  pleased  with  its  first  successful  endeavors  to  walk, 
or  rather  to  run,  which  precedes  walking.  PALEY. 

15.  This  kind  of  wit  is  that  which  abounds  in  Cowley,  more  than  in 
any  author  that  ever  wrote.  ADDISON. 


EXERCISES.  139 


EXERCISE  XLIY. 


1.  "  What  is  your  name,  my  good  woman  ?  "  asked  he. 

2.  "Judith  Gardenier." 

3.  "  And  your  father's  name  ?  " 

4.  "  Ah !  poor  man,  Rip  Van  Winkle  was  his  name,  but  it's 

5.  twenty  years  since  he  went  away  from  home  with  his  gun, 

6.  and  never  has  been  heard  of  since — his  dog  came  home 

7.  without  him ;  but  whether  he  shot  himself  or  was  carried 

8.  away  by  the  Indians,  nobody  can  tell.     I  was  then  but  a 

9.  little  girl." 

10.  Rip  had  but  one  question  more  to  ask ;  but  he  put  it 

11.  with  a  faltering  voice  : 

12.  "  Where's  your  mother  ?  " 

13.  "  Oh,  she  too  had  died  but  a  short  time  since ;  she  broke 

14.  a  blood-vessel  in  a  fit  of  passion  at  a  New  England  peddler." 

15.  There  was  a  drop  of  comfort,  at  least,  in  this  intelligence. 

16.  The  honest  man  could  contain  himself  no  longer.     He 

17.  caught  his  daughter  and  her  child  in  his  arms.     "I  am 

18.  your  father,"  cried  he — "young  Rip  Van  Winkle  once — old 
1'J.  Rip  Van  Winkle  now !     Does  nobody  know  poor  Rip  Van 

20.     Winkle?" 

Washington  Irving. 

Analysis. 

1.  Classify  the  first  sentence; 

2.  Give  the  principal  proposition. 

3.  What  is  the  syntax  of  the  dependent  clause  ? 

4.  Give  the  subject-nominative  of  "is." 

5.  Classify  "  ivhat "  and  state  whether  it  has  an  antecedent. 

6.  Give  the  rule  for  parsing  "  woman." 


140  EXERCISES. 

7.  Write  its  possessive  plural.  * 

8.  What  is  the  syntax  of  "Judith  Gardenier"? 

9.  Supply  the  ellipsis  iu  the  third  line. 

10.  Classify  the  fourth  sentence. 

11.  How  many  propositions  has  it  ? 

12.  Select  from  this  sentence  an  adverbial  clause. 

13.  A  substantive  clause. 

14.  A  verb  in  the  present  perfect  tense. 

15.  Is  its  nominative  expressed  or  understood  ? 

16.  What  independent  words  has  this  sentence  ? 

17.  Distinguish  the  difference  between  "since"  in  the  fifth  and  in 
the  sixth  line. 

18.  Change  "I  ivas  then  but  a  little  girl"  to  its  corresponding 
interrogative-negative  form. 

19.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  syntax  of  "but,"  line  8. 

20.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  syntactical  difference  between  the 
two  buts  in  the  ninth  line. 

21.  Give  the  subject  and  the  object  of  "  can  tell." 

22.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  syntax  of  "more." 

23.  Give  mood  and  tense  of  the  verb  in  the  same  clause. 

24.  Classify  the  sentence  comprising  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
lines. 

25-26.    Write  each  verb  of  the  sentence  and  give  its  subject  and  its 
object,  if  it  has  one. 

27.  Give  the  syntax  of  "  time." 

28.  Of  "since,"  line  13.     29.    Of  "too." 

30.  What  does  "in  a  fit  of  passion  "  modify  ? 

31.  Classify  "  there"  and  give  its  syntactical  use. 

32.  Classify  "at  least,"  and  state  what  it  modifies. 

33.  Select  from  the  extract  an  adverb,  comparative  degree. 

34.  How  many  simple  sentences  in  the  extract  ? 

35.  State  the  syntactical  difference  between  "Kip  Van  Winkle," 
line  18,  and  the  same,  lines  19  and  20. 

36.  What  is  the  syntax  of  "  in  his  arms"? 

37.  What  do  "once"  and  "now"  respectively  modify  ? 

38.  Compare  "  old,"  as  applied  to  persons. 

39.  Select  a  verb  in  the  potential  mood  and  give  its  synopsis  in 
that  mood  using  your  own  name  as  subject. 


EXERCISES.  141 

406  Give  all  the  participles,  active  and  passive,  of  "know." 

41.  Change  the  last  sentence  to  its  corresponding  passive-declara- 
tive form. 

42.  What  figure  of  orthography  occurs  in  the  twelfth  line  ? 

43.  Select  a  simple  word  and  form  its  derivative. 

44.  Give  the  opposite  gender  of   "daughter,"  and  the  possessive 
plural  of  "child." 

45.  Classify  "w"  and  "y"  in  "away." 

46.  How  many  proper  diphthongal  sounds  in  the  English  language  ? 

47.  Select  from  the  Exercise  words  to  exemplify  these  sounds. 

48.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  "at  least." 

49.  Define  the  future  perfect  tense. 

50.  Define  the  present  participle. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  complex  sentence  having  an  interrogative  clause. 

2.  Write  a  complex  sentence  having  an  imperative  clause. 

3.  Write  a  complex  sentence  whose  clauses  shall  be  connected  by 
a  relative  pronoun  in  the  objective  case. 

4.  By  a  relative  pronoun  in  the  possessive  case. 

5.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a   clause  in  apposition  with  an 
objective  noun. 

6.  Write  a  sentence   containing  an   objective  clause  illustrating 
direct  quotation. 

7.  Containing  an  appositive  clause  illustrating  the  same. 

8.  Change  the  latter  to  the  form  of  indirect  quotation. 

9.  Write  a  sentence  having  an  adverbial  clause  of  place  and  of  time. 

10.  Write  a  sentence,  introducing  the  subordinate  clause  by  whether. 

11.  Write  a  sentence,  connecting  the  two  clauses  by  the  correlatives 
no  sooner than. 

12.  Write  a  compound  interrogative  sentence  with  a  dependent 
clause  denoting  time. 

13.  Write  a  complex  sentence  with  a  dependent  clause  denoting 
cause. 

14.  With  a  dependent  clause  denoting  purpose. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  having  a  concessive  clause. 


142  EXERCISES. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  Scott's  works  were,  many  of  them,  published  in  short  intervals. 

2.  The  committee  was  divided  in  their  judgment. 

3.  We  may  be  assured  there  was  more  discoverers  than  him. 

4.  He  proposed  to  either  largely  decrease  the  appropriation  or  to- 
do  away  wholly  with  it. 

5.  The  merchants  have  on  hand  a  large  assortment  of  the  latest 
styles,  and  are  offered  at  the  lowest  prices. 

6.  Tell  the  gentleman,  if  he  is  in  the  hall,  that  I  do  not  care  to 
see  him. 

7.  We  must  insist  upon  every  man  doing  his  duty. 

8.  I  am  very  pleased  to  see  you,  Mr.  Deronda1.  GEO.  EL.IOT. 

9.  My  days  are  in  the  yellow  leaf, 
The  flower  and  fruit  of  life  is  gone. 

10.  I  could  heartily  wish  there  was  the  same  application  and 
endeavors  to  cultivate  and  improve  our  church  music  as  have  been 
bestowed  on  that  of  the  stage.  ADDISON. 


11.  How  jocund  did  they  drive  their  team  a-field. 

12.  Sailing  up  the  river,  the  whole  town  may  be  seen. 

13.  There  is  an  impenetrable  veil  between  the  visible  and  invisible 
world. 

14.  I  was  so  tickled  that  I  nearly  died  with  laughter. 

15.  No  one  had  exhibited  the  structure  of  the  human  kidneys ; 
Vesalius  had  only  examined  them  in  dogs. 

1    Query  as  to  whether  the  sentence  is  good  English.    The  expression  is  fre- 
quently used  by  good  writers. 


EXERCISES.  143 


EIEECISE  XLY. 


1.  Rom.  It  is  my  love  that  calls  upon  my  name ! 

2.  How  silver-sweet  sound  lovers'  tongues  by  night, 

3.  Like  softest  music  to  attending  ears ! 

4.  Jul.   Romeo! 

5.  Rom.   My  sweet! 

6.  Jul.   At  what  o'clock  to-morrow 

7.  Shall  I  send  to  thee  ? 

8.  Rom.   At  the  hour  of  nine. 

9.  Jul.   I  will  not  fail ;  'tis  twenty  years  till  then. 

10.  I  have  forgot  why  I  did  call  thee  back. 

11.  Rom.   Let  me  stand  here  till  thou  remember  it. 

12.  Jul.   I  shall  forget,  to  have  thee  still  stand  there, 

13.  Rememb'ring  how  I  love  thy  company. 

14.  Rom.   And  I'll  still  stay,  to  have  thee  still  forget, 

15.  Forgetting  any  other  home  but  this. 

16.  Jul.  'Tis  almost  morning ;  I  would  have  thee  gone 

17.  And  yet  no  further  than  a  wanton's  bird ; 

18.  Who  lets  it  hop  a  little  from  her  hand, 

19.  And  with  a  silk  thread  plucks  it  back  again, 

20.  So  loving-jealous  of  its  liberty. 

21.  Rom.   I  would  I  were  thy  bird. 

22.  Jul.  Sweet,  so  would  I ! 

23.  Yet  I  should  kill  thee  with  much  cherishing. 

24.  Good  night,  good  night !     Parting  is  such  sweet  sorrow 

25.  That  I  shall  say — Good  night,  'till  it  be  morrow. 

Shakespeare. 


144  EXERCISES. 

Analysis. 

1.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

2.  Name  the  first  compound  sentence. 

3.  Name  the  first  adjective  clause. 

4.  Name  the  first  substantive  clause. 

5.  Name  the  first  adverbial  clause. 

6.  What  is  the  entire  subject  of  the  sentence  beginning  with  "/ 
shall  forget"? 

1.   Give  its  entire  predicate. 

8.  Should  line  13  be  classed  as  a  phrase  or  as  a  clause  ? 

9.  Classify  the  sentence  beginning  with  '  Tis  almost  morning. " 

10.  Mention  the  co-ordinate  clauses  of  this  sentence. 

11.  What  is  the  syntax  of  the  clause  "who  lets  it  hop,"  &c.? 

12.  Classify  the  last  sentence  of  the  Exercise. 

13.  What  is  its  entire  predicate  ? 

14-15.    Give  the  syntax  of  each  subordinate  proposition. 

16.  Select  an  imperative  sentence. 

17.  Select  an  exclamatory  proposition. 

18.  Give  the  mood  of  "remember." 

Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  the  following  elements . 

IS. "Silver-sweet";         ^Q." by  night";  2l."Like"; 

22.  "to  attending  ears";  23.  "At,"  line  6;  24.  "what"; 

25.  "o'clock";  26.  "At  the  hour  of  nine";  27.  "then"; 

28. "why";  29.  "to  have,"  line  12;    30. "stand," line  12; 

31.  "Forgetting";  32"Ao^'";  33.  "but"; 

34.  "gone";  35.  "further";  36.  "bird,"  line  17; 

37.  "hop";  38.  "little";  39.  "loving-jealous. " 

40.  Give  the  syntactical  difference  between  "till,"  in  the  ninth 
line,  and  in  the  eleventh. 

41.  Of  "forget"  in  the  twelfth  and  in  the  fourteenth  line. 

42.  Give  the  syntax  of  "to  have,"  line  14. 

43.  Classify  "sweet,"  line  5,  and  give  the  rule  for  parsing  it. 

44.  Classify  "would"  in  full,  line  21. 

45.  Give  its  object,  if  transitive. 

46.  Give  its  mood  and  tense. 

47.  Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  "  were." 


EXERCISES.  145 

48.  Parse  "night,"  line  24. 

49.  What  is  the  syntactical  use  of  the  expression,  ~"  Good  night" 
last  line  ? 

50.  Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  the  last  verb  of  the  Exercise. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  infinitive  following  so as. 

2.  An  infinitive  following  than. 

3.  An  infinitive  following  such. 

4.  An  infinitive  as  the  object  of  a  participle. 

5.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  compound  passive  participle. 

6.  A  present  participle,  transitive,  with  a  phrase-adjunct. 

7.  A  compound  passive  participle  as  adjunct  of  a  nominative- 
absolute. 

8.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  complex  preposition. 

9.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  English  idiom. 

10.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  direct  and  an  indirect  object. 

11.  Write  three  simple  sentences  about  trees. 

12.  Correctly  combine  them  into  a  compound  sentence. 

13.  Write  a  complex  sentence  with  the  subordinate  clause  intro- 
duced by  when. 

14.  Contract  this  sentence  to  a  simple  one   by  converting  the 
dependent  clause  into  a  nominative  absolute  ivith  a  participle. 

15.  Write  a  simple  interrogative  sentence  containing  all  the  parts 
of  speech. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  hunter  came  into  the  room  accompanied  by  his  gun. 

2.  My  uncle  gave  me  not  only  the  boat,  but  also  taught  me  to 
row  it. 

3.  They  brought  in  the  bouquets  to  the  ladies  in  the  evening  in  a 
large  basket. 

4.  The  first  project  was  to  shorten  discourse  by  cutting  polysylla- 
bles into  one.  SWIFT. 

5.  Such  fruit  is  seldom  or  ever  seen  in  this  climate. 

6.  Who  first  discovered  Martha's  Vineyard  ?  Gosnold,  during  1602. 


146  EXERCISES. 

7.  Seated  on  an  upright  tombstone,  close  to  him,  was  a  strange 
unearthly  figure,  whom  Gabriel  felt  at  once,  was  no  being  of  thin 
world.  DICKENS. 

8.  We  all  went  to  the  sea-shore  for  a  little  fresh  air,  from  the  city. 

9.  Nor  want  nor  cold  his  course  delay.  DRYDEX. 

10.  Who  would  not  have  let  them  appeared  ?  STEELE. 

11.  Were  you  not  affrighted,  and  mistook  your  own  shadow  for  the 
robber  ? 

12.  Thy  beauty  shines  in  Autumn  unconfined, 

And  spreads  a  common  feast  for  all  that  lives.         THOMSON. 

13.  The  sun  looketh  forth  from  the  halls  of  the  morning, 
And  flushes  the  clouds  that  begirt  his  career,     w.  G.  CLARK. 

14.  I  had  as  lief  the  town-crier  spoke  my  lines.  SHAKESPEARE. 

15.  A  vision  came  before  him  as  constant  and  more  terrible  than 
that  from  which  he  had  escaped.  DICKENS. 


EXERCISE- ILYI. 

1.  Some  books  are  to  be  tasted,  others  to  be  swallowed* 

2.  and  some  few  to  be  chewed  and  digested :  that  is,  some 

3.  books  are  to  be  read  only  in  parts;  others  to  be  read,  but 

4.  not  curiously  ;  and  some  few  to  be  read  wholly,  and  with 

5.  diligence  and  attention.     Some  books  also  may  be  read  by 

6.  deputy,  and  extracts  made  of  them  by  others;  but  that 

7.  would  be  only  in  the  less  important  arguments,  and  the 

8.  meaner  sort  of  books;  else  distilled  books  are,  like  com- 

9.  mon  distilled  waters,  flashy  things.     Keading  maketli  a 

10.  full  man,  conference  a  ready  man,  and  writing  an  exact 

11.  man;  and,  therefore,  if  a  man  write  little,  he  had  need  of 

12.  a  great  memory;  if  he  confer  little,  he  had  need  have  a 

13.  present  wit;  and  if  he  read  little,  he  had  need  have  much 

14.  cunning,  to  seem  to  know  that  he  doth  not.     Histories 
"15.  make  men  wise;  poets,  witty;  the  mathematics,  subtle; 

16.  natural  philosophy, deep;  moral,  grave ;  logic  and  rhetoric. 

17.  able  to  contend.  Bacon. 


EXERCISES.  147 

Analysis. 

1.  State  the  number  of  sentences  in  {he  extract. 

2.  Classify  each  sentence. 

3.  How  many  clauses  has  the  first  sentence  ? 

4.  Has  this  sentence  a  dependent  clause  ? 

5.  Give  the  syntax  of  "to  be  swallowed." 

6.  Of  "to  be  cheived."     7.    Of  "  to  be  read." 

8.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  * '  that  is. " 

9.  Select  a  compound  phrase  from  the  first  sentence. 

10.  Represent  the  phonetic  spelling  of  "philosophy." 

Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  the  following  elements  : 

11.  "  Others,"  line  1;  12.  "few,"  line  2;  13.  "only,"  line  3  ; 
14.  "but,"  line  3;  15.  first  "and,"  line 4;  16.  "extracts"; 
17.  "else";  18.  "things";  19.  "writing"; 
20.  " cmd,"  line  11 ;  21.  "therefore ";  22.  "*/,"  line  11 ; 
23.  " little,"  line  11 ;  24.  "to  seem ";  25.  " to  know "; 
26.  "that";  27.  " not,"  line  U  ;  28.  "poets"; 

29.   ' '  m«y  ";  30.  « '  to  contend. " 

31.  Name  and  classify  the  second  predicate-verb,  line  11. 

32.  Give  its  mood  and  tense. 

33.  Name  the  predicate-verb  in  "he  had  need  have  much  cunning. " 

34.  Give  its  mood  and  tense. 

35.  Classify  and  give  syntax  of  "have "  in  same  sentence. 

36.  Why  is  " £o  "  not  expressed  before  "have"? 

37.  What  part  of  speech  immediately  precedes  "have"? 

38.  Name  all  the  adverbial  clauses  of  the  extract. 

39.  Name  a  substantive  clause. 

40.  What  words  might  be  used  instead  of  "had,"  line  11  ? 

41.  Name  all  the  verbs  in  the  subjunctive  mood. 

42.  Name  those  in  the  potential  mood. 

43.  Mention  a  case  of   "false   syntax,"   if  there   is  one,  in  the 
Exercise,  and  correct  the  error. 

44.  Give  the  rule  for  doubling  the  "I"  in  "distilled. 

45.  Why  is  "  writing  "  not  spelled  writeing  ? 

46.  Select  a  noun  having  the  same  form  for  either  number. 


148  EXERCISES. 

47.  Mention  four   words  in  the  extract  each  having  a  silent  con- 
sonant. 

48.  Change  "histories  make  men  wise"  to  the  other  tense  forms, 
passive,  of  the  same  mood  . 

49.  Define  pleonasm.     50.    Define  enallage. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  three  prepositions. 

2.  Write  a  complex  sentence  with  an  adjective  clause  connected 
by  a  conjunctive  adverb. 

3.  Write  a  compound  sentence  containing  an  interrogative  and  an 
imperative  clause. 

4.  Containing  a  declarative  and  an  interrogative  clause. 

5.  Write  a  sentence  that  shall  illustrate  the  figure  enallage. 

6.  Compose  two  simple  sentences  and  one  complex  sentence  about 


7.  Combine  these  into  a  compound  sentence. 

8.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  adverb  of  manner. 

9.  He-write  the  sentence  expanding  the    adverb  into  a  manner 
phrase. 

10.  Write  a  sentence  in  which  "and"  shall  connect  a  word  and  a 
phrase. 

11.  Write  a  complex  sentence  having  a   relative  pronoun  whose 
antecedent  is  a  possessive  pronoun. 

12.  Write  a  complex  sentence  properly  using  the  words,  should  and 
would. 

13.  A  present  participle  as  a  predicate  adjective. 

14.  A  perfect  participle  as  a  predicate  adjective. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  word  illustrating  the  l*ule  for 
doubling  the  final  consonant. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  I  think  if  I  am  not  mistaken  that  you  are  wrong. 

2.  It  is  not  fit  for  such  as  us 

To  sit  with  rulers  of  the  land.  SCOTT. 

3.  It  was  remarked  by  Noah  Webster  that  he  had  never  ventured 
to  coin  but  one  word.  HAVEN'S  RHETORIC. 


EXERCISES.  149 

4.  A  large  stock  of  these  short  words  are  understood  by  nearly  all 
who  speak  the  English  language,  and  are  first  learned  by  children. 

ID. 

5.  Both  minister  and  magistrate  is  compelled  to  choose  between 
his  duty  and  his  reputation.  JUNIUS. 

6.  The  richness  of  her  arms  and  apparel  were  conspicuous  in  the 
foremost  ranks.  GIBBON. 

7.  These  (the  commas)  are  inserted  by  the  compositors  without 
the  slightest  compunction.  DEAN  ALFORD. 

8.  In  all  abstract  cases  where  we  merely  speak  of  numbers  the  verb 
is  better  singular.  Ii>. 

9.  The  farmer  after  having  fallen  the  tree,  found  it  had  fell  upon 
a  setting  hen  that  had  lain  her  eggs  under  its  branches. 

10.    Channing's  mind  was  planted  as  thick  with  thoughts  as  a  back 
wood  of  his  own  magnificent  land. 


11.  We  have  now  a  new  school  house  in  the  town  large  enough  to 
hold  four  hundred  pupils,  three  stories  high. 

12.  He  then  addressed  the  crowds  who  were  returning  from  the  riot. 

13.  Where  all  must  fall  or  not  coherent  be, 

And  all  that  rises,  rise  in  due  degree.  POPE. 

14.  She  began  to  extol  the  farmer's,  as  she  called  him,  excellent 
understanding. 

15.  At  the  crossing,  my  foot  slipped,  and  I  pretty  near  fell  down. 


150  EXERCISES. 


EXEECISE_  XLYII. 

1.  Besides,  naturally  speaking,  a  man  bids  fairer  for  great- 

2.  ness  of  soul  who  is  the  descendant  of  worthy  ancestors 

3.  and  has  good  blood  in  his  veins,  than  one  who  is  come  of  an 

4.  ignoble  and  obscure  parentage.    For  these  reasons,  I  think 

5.  a  man  of  merit  who  is  derived  from  an  illustrious  line  is 

6.  very  justly  to  be  regarded  more  than  a  man  of  equal 

7.  merit  who  has  no  claim  to  hereditary  honors.     *     *     *     * 

8.  My  Lord  Froth  has  been  so  educated  in  punctilio  that 

9.  he  governs  himself  by  a  certain  ceremonial  in  all  the  ordi- 

10.  nary  occurrences  of  life.     He  measures  out  his  bow  to  the 

11.  degree  of  the  person  he  converses  with.     I  have  seen  him 

12.  in  every  inclination  of  the  body,  from  a  familiar  nod  to 

13.  the  low  stoop  in  the  salutation  sign.     I  remember  five  of 

14.  us  who  were  acquainted  with  one  another,  met  together 

15.  one  morning  at  his  lodgings,  when  a  wag  in  the  company 

16.  was  saying  it  would  be  worth  while  to  observe  how  he 

17.  would  distinguish  us  at  his  first  entrance.    Accordingly, 
8.  he  had  no  sooner  come  into  the  room,  but  casting  his  eye 

19.  about,  "My  Lord  Such-a-one,"  says  he,  "your  most  hum- 

20.  ble  servant.     Sir  Richard,  your  humble  servant.     Your 

21.  servant,    Mr.   Ironside.     Mr.   Ducker,   how  do   you  do? 

22.  Hah !  Frank,  are  you  there  ?  " 

Addison. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  sentences  in  the  above  selection  ? 

2.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

3.  Give  its  entire  subject. 

4.  Give  its  entire  predicate. 

5.  Select  from  this  sentence  the  adverbial  clause,  and  state  what 
it  modifies. 


EXERCISES.  151 

6.  What  correlative  words  occur  in  the  first  sentence  ? 

7.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  syntactical  office  of  "besides  "  f 

8.  Of  "speaking."    9.    Of  "fairer."     10.    Of  ' ' one, "  line  3. 

11.  Is  "  is  come  "  in  the  passive  voice  ? 

12.  Give  all  the  modifiers  of  "man,"  line  1. 

13.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

14.  Mention  its  principal  clause. 

15.  Give  the  simple  subject  and  predicate  of  each  dependent  clause. 

16.  Has  "for  these  reasons  "  a  conjunctive  force  ? 

17.  "What  word  might  be  appropriately  substituted  for  this  phrase  ? 

18.  What  correlative  connectives  occur  in  the  second  sentence  ? 

19.  Give  the  part  of  speech  of  each  of  them. 

20.  What  is  the  object  of  "  think  "? 

21.  Classify  the  third  sentence. 
22  Name  its  correlative  words. 

28.  3f  what  part  of  speech  are  these  correlatives  ? 

24.  Give  the  subject-nominative  of  the  principal  clause. 

25.  Give  the  mood,  tense,  and  form  of  its  predicate-verb. 

26.  Classify  the  fourth  sentence. 

27.  Give  its  dependent  clause  and  state  whether  this  clause  is 
adjective  or  adverbial  in  office. 

28.  Give  the  connective  and  state  its  full  syntactical  office. 

29.  What  is  the  syntax  of  "from  a  familiar  nod"? 

30.  Classify  the  sentence  beginning  with  "I remember." 

31.  Of  how  many  subordinate  clauses  does  it  consist? 
32-36.    Give  the  simple  subject  and  predicate  of  each. 

37.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  syntax  of  ' '  worth. " 

38.  Of"  while."    39.    Of  "to  observe."    40.    Oi"ivhen." 

41.  Classify  the  sentence  beginning  with  "  accordingly." 

42.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  syntax  of  "accordingly. " 

43.  Of  "but."    44,    Of  "casting."    45.    Of  "Such-a-one" 

46.  Of  "servant,"  line  20. 

47.  Mention  the  correlative  words  of  this  sentence  and  give  their 
part  of  speech. 

48.  Correct  this  sentence,  if  faulty  in  any  respect. 

49.  Which  "do"  is  auxiliary  f 

50.  Define  punctuation. 


152  EXERCISES. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  in  which  the  entire  predicate  shall  comprise 
all  the  words  expressed  in  the  sentence. 

2.  Write  a  sentence  containing  three  nouns  denoting  joint  pos- 
session. 

3.  Denoting  separate  possession. 

4.  Write  a  sentence  containing  all  the  cases,  including  the  nomina- 
tive independent  and  the  nominative  absolute. 

5.  An  adjective  belonging  to  a  subject-phrase. 

6.  An  adjective  belonging  to  a  subject-clause. 

7.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  participle  used  as  a  pure  adverb. 

8.  An  adjective  comparing  two  nouns  as  to  some  quality  possessed 
by  both. 

9.  An  adjective  relating  to  an  adjective  and  a  noun  as  one  com- 
pound term. 

10.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  verb  in  the  imperative  mood, 
first  person  plural.     (Need  not  be  original. ) 

11.  Write  a  sentence  illustrating  poetic  license. 

12.  Illustrating  a  figure  of  Orthography. 

13.  A  figure  of  Syntax. 

14.  A  figure  of  Rhetoric. 

15.  Write   a  sentence  containing  an  illative  clause  modified  by  a 
conditional  clause. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  A's  income  is  equal  to  half  of  B's,  which  is  a  thousand  dollars. 

2.  A  servant  will  obey  a  master's  orders  whom  he  loves. 

3.  This  dedication  may  serve  for  almost  any  book  that  has,  is,  or 
shall  be  published. 

4.  Literary  and  scientific  men  hastened  to  the  court  of  Charle- 
magne, anxious  to  secure  the  favor  of  the  greatest  monarch  of  his  age. 

5.  We  rested  beneath  the  umbrageous  sha<Jow  of  a  sha.dy  oak,  and 
then  again  resumed  our  journey  anew. 

6.  We  informed  him  of  the  difficulty,  that  he  may  be  prepared  for  it. 

7.  He  made  some  comments  where  too  much  personalities  were 
indulged  in. 


EXERCISES.  153 

8.  Hadn't  she  ought  to  mention  the  antecedent  ?        MANY  PUPILS. 

9.  We  cannot  doubt  but  that  the  undertaking  will  succeed. 

MAGAZINE. 

10.    Unfortunately,  this  institution  has  had  no  endorsement,  as  it 
should  have.  ROCHESTER  PAPER. 


11.  My  hair  is  gray  but  not  with  years, 

Nor  grew  it  white 
In  a  single  night 
As  men's  have  done  from  sudden  fears.  BYRON. 

12.  Whom  none  but  Heaven  and  you  and  I  shall  hear. 

13.  The  lady  sits  a  horse  with  exceeding  grace. 

14.  They  flew  to  arms  and  attacked  the  Duke  of  Northumberland's 
horse  whom  they  put  to  death.  HUME. 

15.  I  have  noticed  that  the  Bible  is  always  particular  to  never  refer 
to  even  the  illustrious  mother  of  mankind  herself  as  "a  lady,"  but 
speaks  of  her  as  a  woman.  MARK  TWAIN. 


154  EXERCISES. 


EXERCISE  ILYII1. 


1.  It  was  in  his  thirteenth  year  that  the  family  removed  to 

2.  that  better  church-living  at  Schvvarzenbach;  with  which 

3.  change,  so  far  as  school  education  was  concerned,  pros- 

4.  pects  considerably  brightened  for  him.   The  public  teacher 

5.  there  was  no  deep  scholar  or  thinker,  yet  a  lively,  genial 

6.  man,  and  warmly  interested  in  his  pupils ;  among  whom 

7.  he  soon  learned  to  distinguish  Fritz,  as  a  boy  of  altogether 

8.  superior  gifts.     What  was  of  still  more  importance,  Fritz 

9.  now  got  access  to  books;  entered  into  a  course  of  highly 
10.  miscellaneous,  self-selected  reading;  and  what  with   ro- 
ll, mances,  what  with  Belles-letters  works,  and  Huchesonian 

12.  philosophy,  and  controversial  divinity,  saw  an  astonish- 

13.  ing  scene  opening  round  him  on  all  hands.     His  Latin 

14.  and  Greek  were  now  better  taught ;  he  even  began  learn- 

15.  ing  Hebrew.     Two  clergymen  of  the  neighborhood  took 

16.  pleasure  in  his  company  young  as  he  was;  and  were  of 

17.  great  service  now  and  afterwards;   it  was  under  their 

18.  auspices  that  he  commenced  composition,  and  also  specu- 

19.  lating  on  theology,  wherein  he  inclined  strongly  to  the 

20.  heterodox  side. 

Cartyle,  on  RicJiter. 

Analysis. 

1.  Classify  ihe  first  sentence  of  the  selection, 

2.  Select  a  dependent  clause  from  this  sentence. 

3.  Is  this  clause  adjective  ox  adverbial  in  office?  and  what  does 
it  modify? 


EXERCISES.  .   155 

4.  Give  the  syntax  of  "with  which  change." 

5.  Give  the  syntax  of  "so  far  as  school  education  was  concerned. " 

6.  Of  "so  far  as." 

7.  Give  the  syntax  of  each  word  in  the  above  conjunctive  phrase. 

8.  Give  the  simple  predicate  of  "education." 

9.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

10.  How  many  propositions  has  it  ? 

11.  Give  the  syntax  of  the  last  clause  of  this  sentence. 

12.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  "there. " 

13.  Of  "wo."     14.    Of  "thinker."    15.    Of- "ye*." 

16.    Of  "man."     17.    Of  " interested."     18.    Qt  " to  distinguish." 
19.    Of  "a*, "line  7.     20.    Of  "6o.y."    21.    Of  "altogether." 

22.  Give  the  syntax  of  "  among  whom." 

23,  Classify  the  £/h><2  sentence. 
Give  the  syntax  of  its  first  clause. 
How  many  clauses  has  this  sentence  ? 

26.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  "what,"  line  8. 

27.  Of  "still."     28.    Of  "entered."     29.    Of  "  and,"  line  10. 
30.    Of  "what,"  line  11.     31.    Of  "Hachesonian" 

32.  Of  "wftV'line  U-    33.  Of  "Belles-letters."  34.  Of  "divinity." 

35.  Of  "saw."    36.    Oi  "  on  all  hands." 

37.  Classify  the  fourth  sentence. 

38.  Give  the  subject  and  the  object  of  '*  began. " 

39.  Classify  the  last  sentence. 

40.  How  many  propositions  are  contained  in  this  sentence  ? 

41.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  *  young  as  he  was." 

42.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  "young" 

43.  Of  "as."    44.    Of  "afterwards." 

45.  Give  the  syntax  of  the  clause  "that  he  commenced  compo- 
sition. " 

46.  What  is  the  syntax  of  the  last  clause  of  the  Exercise  ? 

47.  What  is  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  "wherein  "  ? 

48.  Select  from  the  Exercise  a  noun  modified  by  a  participle,  and 
by  a  p&rticipial  adjective. 

49.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  "speculating." 

50.  What  parts  of  speech  neither  modify,  nor  are  modified  f 


156  EXERCISES. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  sign  to  of  the  infinitive,  omitted 
after  the  present  participle. 

2.  A  sentence  having  an  infinitive  used  as  a  modifier  of  a  participle, 

3.  Write  sentences  illustrating  far,  as  an  adjective,  as  an  adverb,. 
and  as  a  noun. 

4.  Illustrate  the  same  with  like. 

5.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  infinitive,  -  a  participle,  and  a 
noun  made  proper  by  personification. 

6.  A  clause  expressive  of  purpose  (or  end),  modified  by  an  adverb- 
ial clause  of  place. 

7.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  direct  quotation. 

8.  An  indirect  quotation. 

9.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  expletive  there. 

10.  Write  a  sentence  having  a  compound  progressive  participle. 

11.  An  interrogative  clause  in  the  nominative  case. 

12.  An  interrogative  clause  in  apposition. 

13.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  relative  pronoun  of  four  syllables. 

14.  Write  a  complex  sentence  of  two  clauses  connected  by  or  else. 

15.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  adversative  clause. 

False  Syntax. 

1 .  They  returned  back  again  to  the  city  from  whence  they  came  forth. 

2.  Had  they  intended  to  have  returned,  they  would  have   been 
here  before  now. 

3.  The  language  with  which  Bask  was  dealing  was  one  of  all  others 
wherein  the  difference  in  question  required  to  be  accurately  drawn. 

DR.  LATHAM. 

4.  Did  you  observe  the  moon's  appearance  last  night  to  be  any 
different  than  usual  ?  NEWSPAPER. 

5.  "I  am  far  from  a  very  inquisitive  man  by  temperament,"  said 
Kenelm.  BULWER. 

6.  I  do  not  remember  that  I  ever  spoke  three  sentences  together 
in  my  life.  SPECTATOR. 

7.  At  this  point  the  party  met  with  quite  an  unexpected  accident, 

A  NOVEL. 


EXERCISES.  157 

8.  "  '  Got  any  luck  ? '  says  I.     '  No, '  says  lie.      *  Well, '  says  I,  *  I've 
got  the  finest  string  of  trouts  ever  was  seen. ' " 

Cited  in  GILMORE'S  u  ART  OF  EXPRESSION." 

9.  I  am  so  much  surprised  by  this  statement  that  I  am  desirous  of 
resigning,  that  I  scarcely  know  what  reply  to  make. 

Cited  in  ABBOTT'S  "  How  TO  WRITE  CLEARLY." 

10.    But  that  did  him  no  more  good  than  his  afterward  trying  to 
pacify  the  Barons  with  lies.  DICKENS. 


11.  Since  he,  miscalled  the  morning  star, 

Nor  man  nor  fiend  hath  fallen  so  far.  BYRON. 

12.  The  evidences  of  sin  and  vice  are  seen  all  about  me. 

A  FASTIDIOUS  YOUNG  LADY. 

13.  I  shall  supply  you  with  money  now,  and  I  will  furnish  you 
with  a  reasonable  sum  from  time  to  time,  on  your  application  to  me 
by  letter.  GEO.  ELIOT,  Middlernarch. 

14.  We  are  at  peace  with  all  the  world,  and  seek  to  maintain  our 
cherished  relations  of  amity  with  the  rest  of  mankind. 

PRESIDENT  TAYLOR. 

15.  He  loved  the  boy  so  clearly,  and  alas  !  he  loved  him  not. 

SEAVOKTH. 


158  EXERCISES. 


EXERCISE  XLIX. 

1.  (a).       Hampden,   with  his  head  drooping,  and    his  hands 

2.  leaning  on  his  horse's  neck,  moved  feebly  out  of  the 

3.  battle.     The  mansion  which  had  been  inhabited  by  his 

4.  (b).  father-in-law  and  from  which  in  his  youth  he  had  car- 

5.  ried  home   his  bride,  Elizabeth,  was  in  sight.     There 

6.  (c).   still  remains  an  affecting  tradition,  that  he  looked  for  a 

7.  moment  toward  that  beloved  house,  and  made  an  effort 

8.  to  go  thither  to  die. 

9.  (d).       The  news  of  Hampden's  death  produced  as  great  a 

10.  consternation  in  his  party,  according  to  Clarendon,  as 

11.  if  their  whole  army  had  been  cut  off.     The  journals  of 

12.  (e).    the  time  amply  prove  that  the  Parliament  and  all  its 

13.  friends  were  filled  with  grief  and  dismay.    Lord  Nugent 

14.  (f).  has  quoted  a  remarkable  passage  from  the  next  Weekly 

15.  Intelligencer.     "The  loss  of  Colonel  Hampden  goeth 

16.  near  the  heart  of  every  man  that  loves  the  good  of  his 

17.  (g).   king  and  his  country;  and  makes  some  conceive  little 

18.  content  to  be  at  the  army  now  that  he  has  gone.     The 

19.  (h).  memory  of  this  deceased  colonel  is  such  that  in  no  age 

20.  to  come  but  it  will  more  and  more  be  had  in  honor  and 

21.  esteem ;  a  man  so  religious,  and  of  that  prudence,  judg- 

22.  men£,  temper,  valor,  and  integrity,  that  he  hath   left 

23.  few  his  like  behind  him."  Macaulay. 

Analysis. 

1.  How  many  simple  sentences  in  the  above  selection  ? 

2.  How  many  complex  sentences  ? 

3.  Give  the  entire  subject  of  sentence  (a). 

4.  Give  the  entire  subject  of  sentence  (6). 

5.  Select  a  noun  antecedent  to  two  relative  pronouns, 
n.  Classify  sentence  (c).     7.    Give  its  princ ipal  clause. 


EXERCISES.  15f> 

8.  What  is  the  syntactical  difference  between  the  two  "  thats"  ? 

9.  Give  the  modifiers  of  "tradition." 

10.  What  is  the  syntax  of  "to  die  "® 

11.  Classify  sentence  (d).     12.    Give  itfl  entire  predicate. 

13.  Give  the  syntactical  office  of  its  dependent  clause. 

14.  Parse  the  connective. 

15.  Give  the  syntax  of  "according  to  Clarendon." 

16.  Give  the  gender  of  "army."     17.    Classify  sentence  (e). 

18.  Give  the  points  in  which  its  two  verbs  correspond. 

19.  Give  the  synopsis  of  the  verb  in  line  13. 

20.  Classify  sentence  (/).     21.    Classify  sentence  (g). 
22-23.    Give  the  syntax  of  its  two  dependent  clauses. 

24.  Mention  the  connective  of  the  last  one. 

25.  Classify  sentence  (h)      26.    Give  its  entire  predicate. 

27.  Give  the  syntax  of  the  clause  immediately  following  "  but. " 

28.  Is  the  last  clause  adjective  or  adverbial  in  office,  and  on  what 
does  it  depend  ? 

29.  Name  the  last  preposition  of  sentence  (a)  and  state  what  it 
connects. 

30.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  "  leaning. " 

31.  Oi"home."    32.    Of  "Elizabeth."    33.    Of"  thither" 

34.  Give  the  third  preposition  in  sentence  (d)  and  state  what  it 
connects. 

35.  What  is  the  syntax  of  "their  whole  army  had  been  out  off," 
and  by  what  and  to  what  is  this  clause  connected  ? 

36.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  "conceive" 

37.  Of  now."    38.    Of  "such"    39.   Of  "but"    40.  Of  "man." 

41.  Parse  the  adverb  in  line  20. 

42.  What  correlative  words  occur  in  the  last  sentence  ? 

43.  Give  the  possessive  plural  of  the  feminine  of  "father-in-law." 

44.  What  comparative  clause  might  be  supplied  in  sentence  (d)  ? 

45.  How  do  *  'party  and  *  'Parliament' '  differ  with  respect  to  gender  ? 

46.  Classify  "  like"  and  give  its  syntax. 

47.  What  does  "and"  connect,  line  21? 

48.  Give  the  syntax  of  "in  no  age  to  come." 

49.  Correct  any  portion  of  the  Exercise  that  may  not  be  conforma- 
ble with  present  usage. 

50.  Define  Personification. 


160  EXERCISES. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  complex  sentence  containing  five  clauses. 

2.  Write  a  sentence  having  four  independent  clauses,  one  inter- 
rogative. 

3.  Having  a  noun-clause  in  the  objective  case. 

4.  Write  a  sentence  containing  an  alternative  clause. 

5.  A  copulative  clause  with  the  connective  understood. 

6.  An  adversative  clause  connected  by  some  conjunction  other 
than  but. 

7.  An  illative  or  inferential  clause. 

8.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  nominative  absolute  before  a 
participle. 

9.  A  nominative  absolute  after  a  participle. 

10.  Expand  the  absolute  phrase  of  question  8  into  a  clause. 

11.  Write  a  simple  sentence  containing  an  adjective  and  an  adverb, 
each  in  the  superlative  degree. 

12.  Write  a  complex  sentence  having  six  prepositions,  two  of  them 
being  understood. 

13.  Write  a  complex  sentence  containing  a  simple,  a  complex,  and 
a  compound  phrase. 

14.  Containing  which  as  an  adjective. 

15.  Containing  a  prepositional,  a  participial,  and  an  independent 
phrase. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  The  genii  who  was  expected  to  be  present  was  deaf  to  every  call. 

2.  I  like  Hawthorne  better  than  Irving's  style. 

3.  He  then  got  into  the  carriage  to  sit  with  the  man  whom  he  had 
been  told  was  Morgan. 

4.  I  had  studied  grammar  previous  to  his  instructing  me,  but  to 
110  purpose. 

5.  Did  you  never  bear  false  witness  against  thy  neighbor? 

DRAPER. 

6.  Neither  of  these  two  definitions  do  rightly  adjust  the  genuine 
signification  of  this  tense.  JOHNSON'S  GRAMMAR. 

7.  One  can  scarce  help  smiling  at  the  blindness  of  a  certain  critic. 

KAMES. 


EXERCISES.  161 

I  They  were  within  three  miles  from  Kiiiston.       x.  Y.  HERALD. 

8.    -,  These  papers  I  have  not  incorporated  in  the  present  volume. 

(^  SWINTON,  Rambles  amojiy  Wonla. 

9.    It  is  the  business  of  an  epic  poet  to  copy  after  nature.      BLAIK. 

10.  Man  feels  his  weakness,  and  to  numbers  run 

Himself  to  strengthen,  or  himself  to  shun.  CHABHK. 


11.  My  robe  and  my  integrity  to  heaven 

Is  all  I  dare  now  call  my  own.  SHAKSPEKE. 

12.  Early  to  bed,  and  early  to  rise, 

Makes  a  man  healthy,  wealthy,  and  wise.          FRANKLIN. 

13.  With  a  freedom  more  like  a  milk-maid  of  the  town  than  she  of 
the  plains,  she  accosted  him.  SCOTT,  as  quoted  in  Hill's  Rhetoric. 

14.  The  returns,  official  and  otherwise,  foot  up  as  follows. 

THACKERAY: ID. 

15.  We  have  the  power  of  ascertaining,  altering,  and  compounding 
those  images  which  we  have  received,  into  all  the  varieties  of  picture 
and  vision.  WEBSTER. 


EXERCISES. 


EXEECISE  L. 


I. 

1.  And  therefore,  first  of  all,  i  tell  you  earnestly  and  author- 

2.  itatively  (I  know  I  am  right  in  this),  you  must  get  into  the 

3.  habit  of  looking  intensely  at  words,  and  assuring  yourself 

4.  of  their  meaning,  syllable  by  syllable, — nay,  letter  by  letter. 
-  #     *     *     jf  yOU  reac|  ten  pages  of  a  good  book,  letter  by 
G.  letter, — that  is  to  say,  with  real  accuracy, — you  are   for 

7.  evermore  in  some  measure  an  educated  person.     *      *      * 

8.  A  well  educated  gentleman  may  not  know  many  languages 

9.  — may  have  read  very  few  books.     But  whatever  language 

10.  he   knows,  he  knows   precisely;    whatever  word   he   pro- 

11.  nounces,  he  pronounces  rightly;  above  all  he  is  learned  in 

12.  the  peerage  of  words ;  knows  the  words  of  true  descent  and 

13.  ancient  blood,  at  a  g]ance,  from  words  of  modern  canaille ; 

14.  remembers  all  their  ancestry,  their  intermarriages,  distant 

15.  relationship,  and  offices  they  held  at  any  time  and  in  any 

16.  country.  Ruskin  in  Sesame  and  Lilies. 

II. 

1.  "It's  only  our  sister,  Joseph,"  said  Amelia  laughing, 

2.  and  shaking  the  two  fingers  which  he  held  out.     "I've 

3.  come  home  for  good,  you  know ;  and  this  is  my  friend, 

4.  Miss  Sharp,  whom  you  have  heard  me  mention."     "No, 

5.  never,  upon  my  word,"  said  the  head  under  the  neck-cloth, 

6.  -  shaking   very   much, — "  that  is,  yes, — what  abominably 
7      cold  weather,  Miss ; " — and  herewith  he  fell  to  poking  the 

8.  fire  with  all  his  might,  although  it  was  in  the  middle  of 

9.  June.  Thackeray  in  Vanity  Fair. 


EXERCISES.  163 

Analysis. 

FIRST   EXTRACT. 

1.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

2.  How  many  propositions  has  it  ? 

3.  Give  the  predicate-verb  of  each  of  its  principal  propositions. 

4.  Give  the  simple  subject  and  predicate  of  each  subordinate 
clause. 

5.  What  is  the  object  of  the  verb  "  tell"? 

6.  What  is  the  syntax  of  "I am  right  in  this"? 

7.  Give  the  modifiers  of  "habit."      8.    Of  "assuring." 
9.    Give  the  syntax  oi  first  "syllable,"  line  4. 

10.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  "  nay. " 

11.  What  is  the  syntactical  office  of  "  letter  by  letter"? 

12.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

13.  How  many  clauses  has  it  ? 

14.  Which  clause  is  principal  ? 

15.  What  modifiers  has  "read"? 

16.  Give  its  mood  and  tense. 

17."  Give  the  syntactical  office  of  " that  is  to  say"? 

18.  Is  this  clause  dependent,  or  independent  ? 

19.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  "to  say." 

20.  Is  the  subject  of  "may  have  read"  expressed,  or  understood  :t 

21.  Classify  the  £a,s£  sentence. 

22.  How  many  propositions  has  it  ? 

23.  How  many  subordinate  propositions  has  it  ? 

24.  Classify  these  propositions  (if  you  find  more  than  one)  as  to 
whether  they  are  adjective  or  adverbial  in  office. 

25.  Give  the  object  of  each  verb  in  line  10. 

26.  How  are  the  first  two  clauses  of  the  last  sentence  connected  ? 

27.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  "tvhatever." 

28.  Of  "above  all." 

29.  Give  the  object  of  "held,"  if  it  has  one. 

30.  What  is  the  syntax  of  the  first  "he  knows"? 

31.  Select  a  simple,  a  complex,  and  a  compound  phrase,  from  the 
last  sentence  and  state  what  each  modifies. 

32.  Give  the  part  of  speech  and  the  syntax  of  "evermore." 

33.  Represent  the  spelling  of  "language  "  by  its  elementary  sounds. 


164  EXERCISES. 

SECOND   EXTRACT. 

34.  Classify  the  first  sentence. 

35.  Give  the  entire  subject  of  this  sentence. 

36.  Give  the  syntax  of  its  subordinate  clauses. 

37.  Classify  the  second  sentence. 

38.  Give  the  syntax  of  each  of  its  modify  in</  clauses. 

39.  By  what  is  "friend"  modified ? 

40.  Classify  the  third  sentence. 

41.  How  many  clauses  has  it,  expressed,  or  understood'? 

42.  Classify  and  give  the  syntax  of  "  never.'" 

43.  Of  "upon  my  word." 

44.  Of  "that  is."    45.    Of  "weather." 

46.  Parse  "no"  and  "yes." 

47.  Give  the  modifiers  of  "  head." 

48.  State  the  precise  difference  between  a  participial,  and  an  infin- 
itive-noun, as  to  the  modifiers  each  may  take. 

49.  What  figure  of  Rhetoric  is  found  in  the  proposition  "said  the 
head  under  the  neck-cloth"? 

50.  State  the  difference  between  a  simile  and  a  metaphor,  and 
exemplify  each. 

Synthesis. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  only  the  parts  of  speech  that  ?//«r/.y 
be  modified,  each  having  a  modifier  in  the  sentence  given. 

2.  Write  a  sentence  having  an  imperative  and  an  interrogative 
clause. 

3.  An  adverbial  clause  expressing  purpose. 

4.  Abridge  the  sentence  last  formed,  by  changing  the  subordinate 
clause  into  an  infinitive  of  purpose. 

5.  Change  the  adverbial  clause  of  "as  ive passed  up  the  river,  ire 
r/'nved  the  beautiful  landscape"  to  its  equivalent  participial  con- 
struction. 

6.  Write  a  complex  exclamatory  sentence. 

7.  A  complex  interrogative  sentence. 

8.  Write  a  sentence  in  which  the  preposition  for  has  no  antece- 
dent term  of  relation. 


ES.  165 

9.    Write  a  sentence  denoting  comparison  of  equality  as  applied  to 
the  adjective  beautiful. 

10.  One  of  inequality  applied  to  the  adjective  wise. 

11.  Change  the  substantive  clause  of  "that  one  should  prove  false 
to  his  friend,  is  base"  to  an  equivalent  infinitive  construction. 

12.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  substantive  phrase  modified  by 
an  adjective. 

13.  A  prepositional  phrase  modified  by  an  adverb. 

14.  Expand  into  a  concessive  clause  the  italicized  phrase  in   the 
sentence,  "In  spite  of  (jreat  opposition,  the  man  will  succeed." 

15.  Write  a  compound  sentence  having  an  adverbial  clause  of  time, 
of  manner,  and  of  place,  together  with  an  adjectival,  an  adverbial, 
and  a  substantive  phrase. 

False  Syntax. 

1.  I  write  these  lines  while  waiting  in  a  refreshment  room  at  Bead- 
ing between  a  Great  Western  and  a  South  Eastern  train. 

DEAN  ALFORD. 

2.  ''Ah,  Mr.  F.,"  replied  Mr.  Irving,"  you  are  greatly  mistaken," 
and  taking  down  some  of  his  MSS. ,  he  showed  it  to  him  full  of  erasures 
and  interlineations.  THE  YOUTH'S  COMPANION. 

3.  Secluded  and  alone,  he   now  partook   of  his  solitary  repast, 
which  he  entirely  consumed.  NOVEL. 

4.  King  Harrold,  wounded  with  an  arrow  in  the  eye,  was  nearly 
blind.  DICKENS. 

5.  The  sailor  and  child,  who  was  a  fine  little  fellow  of  about  nine 
years  old,  now  came  into  the  room.  CHATTERBOX. 

6.  Finding  escape  impossible,  she  threw  her  feather-bed  out  on 
the  ground,  and  grasping  her  two  children,  leaped  from  the  second 
story  window  upon  it.     All  then  escaped  unhurt.      WESTERN  JOURNAL. 

7.  There  is  not  a  girl  in  town,  but,  let  her  have  her  will  in  going 
to  a  mask,  and  she  shall  dress  like  a  shepherdess.  ADDISON. 

8.  I  simply  read  the  extract  to  show  that  my  ipse  dixit  need  not 
be  taken.  A  PRINCIPAL. 

9.  "Well,  farmer,  then  let's  you  and  I  go  by  ourselves."     And 
while  he  hesitated,  the  lady  asked  him  was  he  come  to  finish  the  bust. 

From  u  PUT  YOURSELF  IN  HIS  PLACE." 


166  EXERCISES. 

10.  Two  other  words  occur  to  me  which  are  very  commonly  man- 
gled by  our  clergy.     One  of  these  is   eovetous,  and  its   substantive 
covetousne98.     I  hope  some  who  read  these  lines,  will  be  induced  to 
leave   off   pronouncing  them    covetious  and    covetiousness.     I  can 
assure  them  that  when  they  do  thus  call  them,  one  at  least  of  their 
hearers  has  his  appreciation  of  their  teaching  disturbed. 

DEAN  ALFORD'S  "  PLEA  FOR  THE  QUEEN'S  ENGLISH." 

Mr.  Moon,  the  Dean's  critic,  maintains  that  the  above  sentence  is  capable  of 
1(1240  different  meanings. 

11.  As  a  text-book,  the  volume  has  one  technical  defect, — the  lines 
ought  to  have  been  numbered  either  as  in  the  other  volumes  or  011 
each  page.     Its  absence  is  a  source  of  annoyance. 

THE  NATION  :  Cited  in  Hill's  Rhetoric. 

12.  The  Board  offer  their  grateful  acknowledgments  for  the  liberal 
support  hitherto  so  freely  extended,  and  which  has  so  greatly  contrib- 
uted to  this  satisfactory  result. 

Cited  in  DEAN  ALFORD'S  u  THE  QUEEN'S  ENGLISH." 

13.  A  husband,  on  receiving  news  of  the  sudden  and  violent  death 
of  a  lady  in  whom  he  had  so  near  an  interest,  might    have  been 
expected  to  have  at  least  gone  in  person  to  the  spot.  FROUDE. 

14.  The  Bishop  of  Koss  undertook  that  his  mistress  would  do  any- 
thing which  the  Queen  of  England  and  the  nobility  desired.        IBID. 

15.  The  teacher  said,  in  speaking  of  that  that,  that  that  that  that 
that  pupil  parsed  was  not  the  that  that  that  visitor  requested  him  to 
analyze. 


THE  END. 


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A  LSE     SYNTAX. 


